APHY 103 Progress 2 Megaset

Skeletal, Muscle, Nervous, Endocrine, and Circulatory systems

1

cerebrum

2

hindbrain

3

cerebellum

4

forebrain

5

thalamus

6

hypothalamus

7

midbrain

8

pons

9

medulla oblongata

10

spinal cord

Function of bones

Support

Protection

Movement

Mineral Homeostasis

Hematopiesis

Storage of energy

Hematopoiesis

production of blood cells which occurs in the red bone marrow

Mineral homeostasis (bone)

stores calcium and phosphorus

Storage of energy (bone)

Yellow marrow stores lipids, which are an energy reserve

Hydroxyapatites

responsible for bone hardness

made of calcium phosphate

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

Osteocytes

Osteogenesis

process of bone growth in childhood

Parathyroid hormone (bone)

Promotes removal of calcium from bones by osteoclasts

Causes an increase in blood calcium

Calcitonin (bone)

Production stimulated by rising blood calcium

Produced by the thyroid gland

Stimulates calcium deposits in bones

Order of the vertebral column

Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), Sacral (5 fused), Coccygeal (4 fused)

Articulations

Another word for joints

Types of joints

Syntharosis

Amphiarthrosis

Diathrosis

Sytharosis

immovable joints

ex: sutures between cranial bones

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly moveable joints

ex: symphysis pubis

Diathrosis

Freely moveable joints

ex: shoulder and hip

Types of synovial joints

Ball and socket

hinge

pivot

gliding

saddle

condyloid

Functions of the muscular system

Movemt of body parts

Heat production (thermogenesis)

Maintainence of posture

Tendons

Muscles are attached to bones by

Muscle tone

ability of a muscle to maintain a steady state of partial contraction

What happens when a muscle contracts?

shortens & pulls

Origin

tendon attachment point to a stationary part of a bone

Insertion

tendon attachment to a moveable part of a bone

What happens when a muscle contracts?

The insertion of muscle is pulled towards its origin

Prime mover

Musle in a muscle pair that does most of the work

Tendon

Attaches a muscle to a bone

Synergist

a muscle that assists the prime mover

antagonist

a muscle that resists the prime mover

Ligament

attaches two or more bones together in a joint

Kinds of muscle tissue

Smooth

Cardiac

Skeletal

Sternocleidomastiods

Neck Muscles

Deltoid muscles

Muscles forming the rounded contour of the shoulder

Pectoralis Major Musles

pec muscles

Biceps brachii

front of upper arm muscles

External obliques

Side muscles

Rectus abdominis

Abs

Quadriceps femoris

Quad muscles

Tibilais anterior

front of shin muscles

Trapezius muscles

back of neck muscles

Triceps brachii

back of upper arm muscles

Latissimus dorsi

Back muscles

Glueteus medius

lower back / above gluteus maximus

Gluteus maximus

buttox

hamstrings

back of quad muscle

Gastronemicus

back of shin muscles

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

Portion of the ANS that restores normal function

Sympathetic nervous system

Portion of the ANS that acts in an emergency

Central Nervous Sytstem (CNS)

Portion of the nervous system that consists of brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of nerves which branch out from CNS, connecting it to other body parts

Somatic Nervous System

Portion of the PNS that includes motor neurons under voluntary control

Autonomic Nervous System

Portion of PNS that includes motor neurons under involuntary controls

Structures of the nervous system

Brain

Spinal cord

Structures of the peripheral nervous system

cranial & spinal nerves

Functions of the nervous system

Somatic

Autonomic

Somatic

Voluntary

Autonomic

Involuntary

Sympathetic nervous system functions during conditions of

anger

exercise

fear

stress

Parasympathetic nervous system functions during conditions of

calm

relaxation

rest

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain

Associated with sensory and motor functions

Cerebellum

Functions in coordination of skeletal movements, posture, and equillibrium

Parts of the brainstem

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblengota

The lobes of the brain

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal

Occipital

Hypothalamus

Control center for the autonomic nervous system

Medulla oblongata

vital reflex center

heart rate

Midbrain

conduction pathway for nerve impulses

thalamus

relay station for sensory impulses

Pons

Conduction pathway for nerve impulses

contain reflex center for breathing

Spinal cord location

extends from medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra

Frontal Lobe

involved with voluntary muscle control

Olfactory receptors consist of

Bipolar neurons

The axon of the neurons synapses with the olfactory cranial nerve

Taste bud locations

Tongue, soft palate, epiglottis

Lacrimal secretions

salt, mucus, lysozyme

Sclera

protects eyball and gives the eyball shape

cornea

transparent fibrous coat covering the iris

iris

colored part of vascular tunic

pupil

hole in middle of iris

fibrous tunic

sclera and cornea

vascular tunic

choroid, ciliary body, iris

retina

contains photoreceptors

nervous tunic

retina

Anterior cavity

contains aqueous humor

Anterior cavity

cavity in front of lense

aqueous humor

fluid that is continually replaced

vitreous chamber

located between retina and lens

Vitreous body

a jelly-like substance

Order by which vibrations pass in the ear

External auditory canal

tympanic membrane

malleus

incus

stapes

oval window

perilymph

Cerumen

Ear wax

Found in external auditory canal

Sticky trap for foreign bodies

Tympanic membrane

Transfers sound waves to the ossicles

Thin membrane with fibrous connective tissue

external surface covered with skin

Auditory tube connects with

nasopharynx

Bony Labyrinth of inner ear

vestibule

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

Structures in the vestiuble that respond to pull of gravity and movement of the head

saccule 

urtricle