genetics exam 1 content

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73 Terms

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gene

basic unit of heredity

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trait

expression of gene, also a character

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genome

all the DNA of an organism (all genetic material)

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proteome

entire collection of protein in cell

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morphological traits

traits that can be observed, physical traits

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physiological traits

trait that affects the ability of an organism to function, influences the physiological systems of organism

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transmission genetics

study of how genetic info is passed down from parents to offspring

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molecular genetics

study of the biochemical processes of genes, how they are expressed, how they interact

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population genetics

study of how genes affect organisms over time, how genes changed, advantages/disadvantages the gene gave them, like natural selection

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loss of function mutation

a mutation occurs in a gene that makes it lose its ability to function

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cross

when two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred

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hybridization

same as cross, mix of two distinct individuals with different trait

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hybrids

offspring of cross/hybridization

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gametes

sex cells, what parent genes separate into

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self fertilization

certain plants and animals that are able to reproduce by themselves, contain both sex organs

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cross fertilization

crossing of different things with different characteristics

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true breeding

cross of 2 homozygous individuals

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law of segregation

2 copies of a gene separate from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes

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single factor cross

cross where experimenter only observes one character

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monohybrids

cross b/w parents produce single character hybrids

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P generation

parental or first generation

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F1 generation

offspring of P generation

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F2 generation

offspring of F1 generation

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dominant

trait that can mask recessive traits

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recessive

trait that can be masked by other traits

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segregate

separating, what genes do before crossing

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homozygous

identical genes with same alleles

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heterozygous

carries diff allele of same gene

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genotype

genetic makeup/composition of individual

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phenotype

appearance/characteristics of individual

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punnet square

method to determine outcome of simple genetic cross

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two factor cross

cross that focuses on two diff characteristics of same group

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dihybrid cross

cross of 2 genes, genetic experiment, 9:3:3:1

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law of independent assortment

alleles for different traits will segregate independently of one another, alleles for one trait do not impact another trait

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test cross

genetic experiment to determine genotype of organism

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autosomal dominant

only need 1 copy of mutated gene to be affected, happens in both sexes

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autosomal recessive

mutated gene of non-sex gene, need both alleles to be presented

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simple mendelian inheritance

inheritance of alles that obey mendels law and follow strict dominant and recessive relationship

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incomplete penetrance

dominant phenotype is not expressed even though an individual carries it, can also not produce the recessive phenotype when both recessive alleles are present

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incomplete dominance

heterozygote has intermediate phenotype, 50% of the protein is NOT sufficient to the 100%

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heterozygote advantage/overdominance

heterozygote has trait that is better, has better reproductive success than either homozygote

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codominance

heterozygote expresses both alleles simultaneously, without intermediate (in blood types!)

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x-linked

inheritance of genes on x-chromosome, typically fuck over the males, only need one x chromosome

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sex influenced 

alleles that are recessive, and dominant in different sexes

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sex limited

trait occurs in only 1 sex

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lethal alleles

can cause death to an organism, two dominants, ratio of 2:1

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temperature sensitive alleles

alleles that can vary the phenotype based on temperature

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hemizygous

males that have 1 copy of x-linked gene

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holandric

y-linked found only on Y chromosome

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sexual dimorphism

physical differences between sexes

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essential gene

gene that is essential for survival

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non essential gene

gene that is not necessary for surival

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pleitropy

multiple effects on a single gene on a phenotype

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paralogs

gene duplicates/copies that are not identical, from random change

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epistasis

inheritance pattern where alleles can mask phenotype of other gne

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recessive epistasis

form of epistasis where individual has to be homozygous recessive for both genes to mask phenotype

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complementation

presence of two different mutant alleles produce wild type, typically bc mutation in diff genes

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gene knockout

both copies of gene have been altered to inactive form, can be used to understand role and function of gene

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gene redundancy

when loss of function allele does not have an effect

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synteny

when 2 or more genes are located on the same chromosome

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genetic linkage

when genes that are close together on the same chromosome are transmitted as a unit

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linkage groups

chromosomes!

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crossing over

physical exchange of pieces b/w homologous chromosomes that happen during prophase of meiosis

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bivalent

2 homologous chromosomes/sister chromatids that align with each other and then synapse (cross over)

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genetic recombination

process where chromosomes are broken then rejoined to form new genetic combos

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non recombinant

offspring w/same alleles as parents

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recombinant

chromosomes have different genetic combo than parents

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genetic mapping

gene mapping/chromosome mapping to determine linear order and distance of separation among genes linked to each other

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genetic linkage map

diagram that show relative locations of genes or other DNA segments on chromosome

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locus

site where gene is found on a particular chromosome

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test cross

test where individual of interest is mixed w/recessibe individual to determine the first individuals genotype, can also be used to map distance b/w genes by crossing heterozygous w/recessibe for both genes

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map distance

recombination frequency, (#recomb / total offspring *100 )

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map unit/centi Morgan

unit of map distance