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gene
basic unit of heredity
trait
expression of gene, also a character
genome
all the DNA of an organism (all genetic material)
proteome
entire collection of protein in cell
morphological traits
traits that can be observed, physical traits
physiological traits
trait that affects the ability of an organism to function, influences the physiological systems of organism
transmission genetics
study of how genetic info is passed down from parents to offspring
molecular genetics
study of the biochemical processes of genes, how they are expressed, how they interact
population genetics
study of how genes affect organisms over time, how genes changed, advantages/disadvantages the gene gave them, like natural selection
loss of function mutation
a mutation occurs in a gene that makes it lose its ability to function
cross
when two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred
hybridization
same as cross, mix of two distinct individuals with different trait
hybrids
offspring of cross/hybridization
gametes
sex cells, what parent genes separate into
self fertilization
certain plants and animals that are able to reproduce by themselves, contain both sex organs
cross fertilization
crossing of different things with different characteristics
true breeding
cross of 2 homozygous individuals
law of segregation
2 copies of a gene separate from each other during the process that gives rise to gametes
single factor cross
cross where experimenter only observes one character
monohybrids
cross b/w parents produce single character hybrids
P generation
parental or first generation
F1 generation
offspring of P generation
F2 generation
offspring of F1 generation
dominant
trait that can mask recessive traits
recessive
trait that can be masked by other traits
segregate
separating, what genes do before crossing
homozygous
identical genes with same alleles
heterozygous
carries diff allele of same gene
genotype
genetic makeup/composition of individual
phenotype
appearance/characteristics of individual
punnet square
method to determine outcome of simple genetic cross
two factor cross
cross that focuses on two diff characteristics of same group
dihybrid cross
cross of 2 genes, genetic experiment, 9:3:3:1
law of independent assortment
alleles for different traits will segregate independently of one another, alleles for one trait do not impact another trait
test cross
genetic experiment to determine genotype of organism
autosomal dominant
only need 1 copy of mutated gene to be affected, happens in both sexes
autosomal recessive
mutated gene of non-sex gene, need both alleles to be presented
simple mendelian inheritance
inheritance of alles that obey mendels law and follow strict dominant and recessive relationship
incomplete penetrance
dominant phenotype is not expressed even though an individual carries it, can also not produce the recessive phenotype when both recessive alleles are present
incomplete dominance
heterozygote has intermediate phenotype, 50% of the protein is NOT sufficient to the 100%
heterozygote advantage/overdominance
heterozygote has trait that is better, has better reproductive success than either homozygote
codominance
heterozygote expresses both alleles simultaneously, without intermediate (in blood types!)
x-linked
inheritance of genes on x-chromosome, typically fuck over the males, only need one x chromosome
sex influenced
alleles that are recessive, and dominant in different sexes
sex limited
trait occurs in only 1 sex
lethal alleles
can cause death to an organism, two dominants, ratio of 2:1
temperature sensitive alleles
alleles that can vary the phenotype based on temperature
hemizygous
males that have 1 copy of x-linked gene
holandric
y-linked found only on Y chromosome
sexual dimorphism
physical differences between sexes
essential gene
gene that is essential for survival
non essential gene
gene that is not necessary for surival
pleitropy
multiple effects on a single gene on a phenotype
paralogs
gene duplicates/copies that are not identical, from random change
epistasis
inheritance pattern where alleles can mask phenotype of other gne
recessive epistasis
form of epistasis where individual has to be homozygous recessive for both genes to mask phenotype
complementation
presence of two different mutant alleles produce wild type, typically bc mutation in diff genes
gene knockout
both copies of gene have been altered to inactive form, can be used to understand role and function of gene
gene redundancy
when loss of function allele does not have an effect
synteny
when 2 or more genes are located on the same chromosome
genetic linkage
when genes that are close together on the same chromosome are transmitted as a unit
linkage groups
chromosomes!
crossing over
physical exchange of pieces b/w homologous chromosomes that happen during prophase of meiosis
bivalent
2 homologous chromosomes/sister chromatids that align with each other and then synapse (cross over)
genetic recombination
process where chromosomes are broken then rejoined to form new genetic combos
non recombinant
offspring w/same alleles as parents
recombinant
chromosomes have different genetic combo than parents
genetic mapping
gene mapping/chromosome mapping to determine linear order and distance of separation among genes linked to each other
genetic linkage map
diagram that show relative locations of genes or other DNA segments on chromosome
locus
site where gene is found on a particular chromosome
test cross
test where individual of interest is mixed w/recessibe individual to determine the first individuals genotype, can also be used to map distance b/w genes by crossing heterozygous w/recessibe for both genes
map distance
recombination frequency, (#recomb / total offspring *100 )
map unit/centi Morgan
unit of map distance