MIDTERMS FLASHCARDS (COMBINED)

1”x1” Cellophane

Size of the cellophane used for Kato thick Smear

Kato Thick Smear

• A qualitative concentration procedure used for detection of intestinal parasites

• Higher degree of sensitivity

Kato Thick Smear

• Simple technique for mass examinations

• Good for detection of eggs with thick egg shells

Thick egg shells

Kato thick is good for detecting eggs with _______

Cellophane

Glycerin

Malachite green solution

Components of Kato Thick Smear

Time saving, simple and economic

Adapted to mass examination

Satisfactory for all common type of helminth eggs

Advantages of Kato Thick Smear

Unsuitable for diarrheic stools

Fermentation of gas is troublesome

Cannot be used to diagnose protozoan cyst and trophozoites

Disadvantages of Kato Thick Smear

species and stage

Interpretation for positive results for parasitic infection, what to include in the report?

No Intestinal Parasite Seen (NIPS)

Interpretation of negative results, report as:

30-60 minutes

Hookworm eggs are usually destroyed after how many minutes/hours?

500 mL

Amount of distilled water for malachite green solution

500 mL

Amount of glycerin for malachite green solution

5 mL

Amount of 3% malachite green for malachite green solution

Cellophane Thick Smear

other term for Kato Thick Smear

Glycerin

• clearing agent

• it provides a clearer differentiation of eggs

40C Incubator

to speed up the waiting time, finished slides can be placed in _______ or direct sunlight for several minutes

Distilled Water

Glycerin

Malachite green

What are the needed reagents/ materials to create a Malachite green solution?

Cellophane

Glycerin

Malachite green

Reagents needed for Kato Katz

3×4×1.37 cm

size of the cardboard/plastic template used in Kato Katz

6mm hole

size of the hole in the cardboard template used in Kato Katz

24 hours

How many hours does the cellophane must be soaked in the 10% glycerin - malachite green solution

0.1 NaOH

Reagent needed for Stoll egg counting

Kato Katz Smear

It is quantitative concentration technique for almost all helminthic parasites

Kato Katz Smear

Uses measured amount of stool using a template

Kato Katz Smear

It correlates with the severity of clinical disease with intensity of infection

TRUE

TRUE or FALSE.

Kato Katz assesses the efficacy of efficacy of antihelminthics and reduction of worm burden following treatment

Low Power Objective

What objective should be used for scanning and counting parasite eggs?

High Power Objective

What objective lens should be used for identification of parasite?

Egg Per Gram Feces (EPG)

Multiply total eggs counted by the following factor to express the count as ________

Color and Consistency

What to check in a stool when conducting macroscopic examination?

41.7 mg

Amount of stool needed if the template used is 1.5 (thickness) by 6.0 mm (hole diameter)

Positive for species and EPG

Interpretation of Results if the parasite egg, larvae, adult are seen report as:

No Intestinal Parasite Seen (NIPS)

Interpretation of Results if the parasite egg, larvae, adult are NOT seen report as:

24

What factor is multiplied to the egg count when computing for EPG when the template is for 41.7mg?

50

What factor is multiplied to the egg count when computing for EPG when the template is for 20mg?

20

What factor is multiplied to the egg count when computing for EPG when the template is for 50mg?

Cellulose tape

Tongue depressor

Slides

Microscope

Materials and Instruments used for Cellulose Tape

Cellulose Tape / Perianal Swab

• This procedure is recommended for the diagnosis of Enterobius vermicularis infection since only 5% of the cases are demonstrable by DFS

• This procedure is ideally performed late at night or early in the morning before washing

• It is done by pressing an adhesive tape against the perianal folds of the patient

Early Morning before washing

Time collection for cellulose tape technique

3 consecutive mornings

When collecting using cellulose tape technique, specimens must be collected for _______

Graham Scotch Tape Method

• it is a method of choice to detect Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) eggs and ocassionally adult females

• More sensitive than DFS (5%)

Pruritus ani

A dermatological condition that causes itching in the an@l area

Enterobius vermicularis

What kind of parasite is detected using cellulose tape / perianal swab technique

drop of Toulene

what stain is added to the slide just before the examination to clear the preparation

+

If the count of 1-5 eggs, what category is it?

++

If the count of 6-10 eggs, what category is it?

+++

If the count of 11-20 eggs, what category is it?

++++

If the count of >20 eggs, what category is it?

Full name

Date of Birth

Age/Sex

Date and Time perfomed

MT initial

What to write in the slide for cellulose tape / perianal swab technique

Harada Mori Culture Method

This procedure is used to cultivate larvae stages of the hookworms and threadworm

Hookworm

Threadworm

Trichostrongylus spp.

When using Harada Mori technique, stool sample that is positive for what parasites?

Hookworm larvae

What will move downwards against the upward capillary movement of water and therefore can be recovered from the water and bottom of the tube

Strongyloides stercoralis larvae

This will move upwards and accumulate at the upper end of the filter paper

Filariform larvae (L3)

The infective stage, and caution must be observed in handling stool cultures

Necator americanus

Scientific name for New World Hookworm

Ancylostoma duodenale

Scientific name for Old World Hookworm

Ancylostoma caninum

Scientific name for Dog Hookworm

Ancylostoma braziliense

Scientific name for Cat Hookworm

Egg

Indistinguishable stage of Hookworm

Rhabditiform Larva (L1)

• Feeding stage of Hookworm

• Immature

Filariform larva (L3)

• Infective stage of Hookworm

• Mature

• Skin penetration

Filariform stage

Hookworms can be differentiated at what stage?

10 days

How many days does a harada mori culture method is kept in a dark room at room temparature?

15 minutes

How many minutes to immerse the test tubes in very hot water?

3-5 minutes

How many minutes to centrifuge the culture?

Low Power Field

what field is used when scanning the entire slide for presence of larva?

High Power field

what field is used when identifying of larva?

0.5g

In plastic bag method, how many amount of feces on one side of the filter paper leaving 4 cm at the pointed end and 2cm at the top end unsmeared

24-28 C

At what temperature should be used in incubated for plastic bag method

Lugol’s iodine, Saline solution

Reagents used for Direct Fecal Smear

2-5 grams (pea/mongo seed)

size of FORMED stool sample for DFS

5-6 tablespoons

amount of WATERY stool sample for DFS

Clean bedpan

For diarrheic specimens, it may be collected using ______

Invert diaper or line it with plastic wrap

For newborn/infant, what to do prior collection of stool specimen?

1 hour of passage

Fresh formed stool specimen must be processed within?

30 minutes

For liquid stool specimen, it must be processed within?

Cysts

what stage is seen in formed stool?

Trophozoites

what stage is seen in watery/liquid stool?

Antidiarrheal compound

Antacids

Bismuth

Barium

Antimalarial agent

Do not collect stool sample within 1 week after ingestion of:

1 week

How long must you not collect stool sample if you ingest Antacids, Bismuth, Barium, and more antidiarrheal compounds?

FALSE

TRUE or FALSE.

You can incubate your stool.

Room temperature / Refrigerated

Specimens that cannot be processed immediately should be left at ________ or ________

Color and Consistency

What must be checked in stool specimen for macroscopic examination?

Type 1

• In Bristol stool chart, it is separate hard lumps, like nuts

• Hard to pass

Type 2

In bristol stool chart, it is sausage-shaped but lumpy

Type 3

In bristol stool chart, it is like a sausage but with cracks on its surface

Type 4

• In Bristol stool chart, the stool is like a sausage or snake

• Smooth and Soft

Type 5

• In Bristol stool chart, soft blobs with clear-cut edges

• Passed easily

Type 6

• Fluffy pieces with ragged edges

• Mushy stool

Type 7

• In Bristol stool chart, Watery, no solid pieces

• Entirely Liquid

3:1

Ideal ratio of FIXATIVE to STOOL:

Motile trophozoites

cysts

helminth larvae

DFS is useful when fresh specimens, especially liquid stools or duodenal aspirates, are examined for:

0.85% saline

Concentration of saline used for DFS

Low power objective lens

Examination of the entire coverslip is performed systematically under what objective lens?

10 fields

DFS scans how many fields?

1:5

ratio dilution of Lugol’s iodine

Iodine

It is helpful in enhancing the visibility of nuclear structures in protozoal cysts and in detecting glycogen inclusions

10% formalin

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

If kits are not available, the specimen should be divided and stored in two different preservatives, what are those alternative preservatives used?

1:1

ratio for petroleum jelly and paraffin, used to keep organisms from moving when using the OIO and prevents the drying of the slide

Buffered Nair’s Methylene Blue (BMB)

If protozoan trophozoites is seen, what stain should be put to penetrate the trophozoites