A&P 1 Final Questions

questions from quizzes throughout the A&P semester, various topics.

The dermis contains many structures that contribute to the function of the skin. Name 4 things that can be found in the dermis.

1. Collagen and elastin fibers

2. Nerve fibers

3. Touch receptors

4. Blood vessels

True or false: The skin consists of the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue

True

Where do keratinocytes get melanin granules from?

Melanocytes

What immune cells migrate to the skin from the bone marrow and remain in the deep layers of the epidermis to help protect the body from bacteria that may enter from the external environment?

Dendritic cells

What type of glands release their contents into the hair follicle?

Sebaceous glands

What is the function of the secretion of a sebaceous gland?

To lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair

Name 2 differences between apocrine sweat glands and eccrine sweat glands

1. Apocrine sweat glands are confined to specific areas in the skin whereas eccrine glands are found all over the skin’s surface.

2. Eccrine sweat glands produce sweat comprised mostly of water and NaCl, while apocrine sweat glands produce sweat that includes protein and fat.

Define meissner corpuscle

Touch receptor in the skin that responds to light touch

What happens to the dermal blood vessels when a person is exposed to a cold environment?

Dermal blood vessels constrict to minimize heat loss

What substance is contained within muscle cells to allow them to access glucose quickly?

Glycogen

What substance is contained within muscle cells to allow them to access oxygen quickly?

Myoglobin

What protein makes up thick filaments?

Myosin

What protein makes up thin filaments?

Actin

What proteins make up regulatory proteins (associated with thin filaments)?

Tropomyosin and troponin

Why is it so important in striated muscle for the T-tubule to be located adjacent to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Proximity is needed to use action potential conducted down T tubule to cause membrane protein in SR to change shape and release calcium into the sarcoplasm

What chemical messenger is released into the synaptic cleft of the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Once a muscle cell is depolarized, the release of what substance from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is required to allow the thick and thin filaments of a sarcomere to interact with each other?

Calcium ions

One motor neuron plus all the muscle cells it supplies is called

Motor unit

Why is it important for muscle cells to have a supply of ATP to sustain repeated contractions?

ATP fuels the myosin cross-bridge cycle, which is necessary for muscle movement.

What are the 3 methods muscle cells can use to regenerate ATP?

1. Creatine phosphate metabolism

2. Anaerobic glycolysis

3. Aerobic respiration

What is the difference between an isometric and an isotonic contraction?

Isometric contractions involve no change in muscle length, while isotonic contractions involve a change in muscle length.

The outer surface of all long bones is covered by ____ on the articular (joint) surface and by ____ on the remainder of the bone

Articular cartilage; periosteum

What is the name of the cell type found in bone that secretes unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid), making them responsible for bone growth and formation?

Osteoblasts

What is the name of the giant multinucleate cells that are responsible for bone resorption?

Osteoclasts

The structural unit of compact bone that consists of an elongated cylinder running parallel to the long axis of the bone is called ____

Osteon

The organic components of bone are ____ and ____

Cells; osteoid

Falling blood levels of which mineral stimulate the release of parathyroid hormone, which in turn stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and release this mineral into the blood?

Calcium

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

Spinal nerves

What forms an articulation with the thoracic vertebrae?

Ribs

What 3 bones make up the outer rim of the eye socket (orbit)?

1. Frontal bone

2. Zygomatic bone

3. Maxilla

What are the 2 bones that make up the deeper part of the eye socket (orbit)?

1. Ethmoid bone

2. Sphenoid bone

What passes through the foramen magnum?

Spinal cord

On the anterior (ventral) side of the body, how many of the ribs connect to the sternum?

10 pairs of ribs

What is another term for the ribs that don’t connect to the sternum?

Floating ribs

Is the clavicle part of the axial skeleton or the appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular skeleton

What is the bone shape of the phalanges?

Long bones; cylindrical shape

What is the bone shape of the carpal and tarsal bones?

Short bones; cube-like shape

What is the part of the hip bone called that is classified as a crest and can be palpated on the left and right side of the abdomen, just below the level of the waist?

Iliac crest

What is the rounded part of the femur called that forms the hip joint?

Femoral head