COSI 325 Chapter 6: Anatomy of Articulation and Resonation

What is articulation?

the process of joining of two elements

what is the articulatory system?

Articulatory system is the system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech

What is the source filter theory?

• vowel production, theory states that a voicing source is generated by the the vocal folds and routed through the vocal tract where it is shaped into the sounds of speech

  • Changes in the shape and configuration of the tongue, mandible, soft palate, and other articulators govern the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (resonance of the tract determines the sound of a given vowel. 

  • Vocal Tract: consists of the mouth (oral cavity), the region behind the mouth (pharynx), and the nasal cavity

what is resonant frequency?

• frequency of stimulation to which a resonant system responds most vigorously (frequency of sound to which the cavity most effectively responds)

  • Governed by volume and length

What are the two classes of articulators?

mobile or immobile

• For speech purposes we often move one articulator to make contact with another, thus positioning a mobile articulator in relation to an immobile articulator

What is the largest mobile articulator?

the tongue

What is the second largest mobile articulator?

the mandible

What are the mobile articulators?

1. tongue

2. mandible

3. lips

4. velum (soft palate)

5. cheeks

6. Fauces (the pillars at the posterior margin of the coral cavity)

7. Pharynx

8. Larynx and Hyoid Bone

What are the 3 immobile articulators?

1. Alveolar ridge

2. hard palate

3. teeth

Explain articulation for speech

the process of bringing two or more moveable speech structures together to form the sounds of speech

What is the mandible?

the massive unpaired bone making up the lower jaw of the face

• began paired and then fused at the midline

What is the mental symphysis?

this is the point of fusion of the two halves of the mandible

What travels through the mental foramen of the mandible?

V trigeminal nerve

What is the corpus of the mandible?

lateral mass of the bone or in other words the body of the mandible

What is the angle of the mandible?

the point at which the mandible angles upward

What is the ramus of the mandible?

the rhomboidal plate rising from the mandible

what are the two processes of the mandible?

condylar and coronoid processes

What separates the two mandibular processes?

the mandibular notch

Which mandibular process articulated with the skull and how?

The prominent HEAD of the condylar process articulates with the skull, permitting rotation of the mandible

• attaches to the TMJ joint

Where are teeth found within the mandible?

• Teeth are found within small DENTAL ALVEOLI (sacs) on the upper surface of the ALVEOLAR PART of the mandible 

What is the mandibular foramen?

• is the conduit for the inferior alveolar nerve of V trigeminal providing sensory innervation for teeth and gums

Name the part of the mandible labeled A

Mental Foramen

Name the part of the mandible labeled B

Corpus

Name the part of the mandible labeled C

Angle

Name the part of the mandible labeled D

Name the part of the mandible labeled E

Coronoid Process

Name the part of the mandible labeled F

Condylar Process

Name the part of the mandible labeled G

Mandibular Notch

Name the part of the mandible labeled H

Mental Protuberance

Name the part of the mandible labeled I

Mental symphysis

Name the part of the mandible labeled J

Ramus

Name the part of the mandible labeled K

Mental Tubercles

Name the part of the mandible labeled L

Dental Alveoli

Name the part of the posterior mandible labeled A

Mandibular Foramen

Name the part of the posterior mandible labeled B

Submandibular Fossa

Name the part of the posterior mandible labeled C

Sublingual Fossa

Name the part of the posterior mandible labeled D

Digastric Fossa

Name the part of the posterior mandible labeled E

Superior and Inferior Mental Spines (genial Tubercles)

Name the part of the posterior mandible labeled F

Mylohyoid line

What is the maxillae?

a set of paired bones that make up the upper jaw

• makes up most of the hard palate, nose, and upper dental ridge

• involved in clefting of the lips and hard palate

What is the most superior point of the maxillae?

the frontal process

• nasal side of the eye!

What is the infraorbital margin?

the part of the maxillae that follows the frontal process down to the lower midpoint of your eye

What is the orbital process?

part of the maxillae that projects into the eye sockets providing support for the eyeball

What are the infraorbital foramen?

the conduit for the infraorbital nerve arising from the maxillary nerve of the V trigeminal, providing sensory innervation of the lower eyelid, upper lip, and nasal alae

• is right below the orbital process

What can be found lateral to the infraorbital foramen?

lateral to the foramen is the zygomatic process of the maxilla bone which artiuclates with the zygomatic bone

What is at the midline of the maxilla?

At the midline there is the ANTERIOR NASAL SPINE (nasal crest)

What is lateral to the anterior nasal spine aka nasal crest?

The nasal notch

What is the alveolar process?

• The ALVEOLAR PROCESS is the lower tooth-bearing ridge that contains alveoli that hold teeth in the intact adult maxilla

Name the part of the maxillae labeled A

Frontal Process

Name the part of the maxillae labeled B

Infraorbital Margin

Name the part of the maxillae labeled C

Infraorbital foramen

Name the part of the maxillae labeled D

Zygomatic Process

Name the part of the maxillae labeled E

Nasal Crest

Name the part of the maxillae labeled F

Nasal Notch

Name the part of the maxillae labeled A (medial view)

Palatine Process

Name the part of the maxillae labeled B

Anterior Nasal Spine

Name the part of the maxillae labeled C

Nasal Crest

Name the part of the maxillae labeled D

Alveolar process

Name the part of the maxillae labeled E

Maxillary Sinus

Name the part of the maxillae labeled A (inferior view)

Horizontal plate palatine bone

Name the part of the maxillae labeled B (inferior view)

Posterior Nasal Spine

Name the part of the maxillae labeled C (inferior view)

Palatine Process

Name the part of the maxillae labeled D (inferior view)

Transverse palatine suture

Name the part of the maxillae labeled E (inferior view)

Zygomatic Process

Name the part of the maxillae labeled F (inferior view)

Intermaxillary Suture

Name the part of the maxillae labeled G (inferior view)

Incisive foramen

Name the part of the maxillae labeled H (inferior view)

Premaxilla

Name the part of the maxillae labeled I (inferior view)

Premaxillary Suture

What travels through the incisive foramen of the maxillae?

CN V trigeminal and blood supply

What do the nasal bones articulate with?

Articulate with the frontal bones superiorly, the maxillae laterally, and the perpendicular place of the ethmoid bone and the nasal septal cartilage

What makes up ¼ of the hard palate?

The horizontal plate of the palatine bones

What makes up the posterior wall of the nasal cavity?

the perpendicular plate

What are the inferior nasal conchae?

• INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE (inferior turbinates) are small, scroll-like bones located on the lateral surface of the nasal cavity

  • Articulate with the maxilla, palatine, and ethmoid bones

What lines the nasal conchae?

• Mucosal linings

• Mucosal lining covering the nasal conchae is the thickest of the nose and is highly vascularized

  • Air passing over the nasal conchae is warmed and humidified before reaching the delicate tissues of the lower respiratory system 

What is the vomer?

• Unpaired midline bone making up the inferior and posterior NASAL SEPTUM 

• The NASAL SEPTUM is the dividing plate between the 2 nasal cavities 

• Has the appearance of a knife blade (point aimed to front)

• Articulates with SPHENOID ROSTRUM (beak(like)) and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone in the posterior-superior margin and with the maxillae and palatine bones on the inferior margin

What 2 elements make up the septum?

The vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (plus midline septal cartilage)

What are the zygomatic bones?

make up the cheek bones!

• Articulates with maxillae, frontal bone, temporal bone, sphenoid bone

• Makes up the lateral orbit 

• Base of the ORBITAL MARGIN is the MAXILLARY PROCESS which is the point of articulation of the zygomatic bone and maxilla

What does the zygomatic arch consist of?

The zygomatic arch consists of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

What are lacrimal bones?

• Small, and hidden in the intact skull

• Articulate with the maxillae, frontal bone, nasal bone, and inferior conchae

• Constitute a small portion of the lateral nasal wall and form a small portion of the medial orbit as well

What is the importance of the hyoid bone in terms of systems?

connects phonatory and articulatory systems

Name the part of the skull labeled A

Nasal Bones

Name the part of the skull labeled B

Zygomatic Bones

Name the part of the skull labeled C

Maxillae

Name the part of the skull labeled D

Mandible

Name the part of the skull labeled E

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Name the part of the skull labeled F

Vomer

Name the part of the skull labeled G

Lacrimal Bones

What is the Ethmoid Bone?

• Complex delicate structure with a presence in the cranial, nasal, and orbital spaces 

• separates nasal cavity from brain

• CRISTA GALLI 

• CRIBRIFORM PLATES separate the nasal and cranial cavities and provide the conduit for the olfactory nerves as they enter the cranial space

  • if broken CSF gets into nose, loss of smell

• includes middle and superior nasal conchae

What is the sphenoid Bone?

• More complex that the ethmoid bone and contributes significantly to the cranial structure 

• Consists of a corpus and three pairs of process

  • The greater wings 

  • Lesser wings 

  • Pterygoid processes 

• Contains numerous foramina through which nerves and blood vessels pass

What is the hypophyseal fossa?

The indentation in the sphenoid bone that holds the pituitary gland

• This gland projects down from the hypothalamus and is placed at the point where the optic nerve decussates, the CHIASMA (x-shaped crossing)

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled A

Medial Plate

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled B

Lateral Plate

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled C

Optic Canal

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled D

Superior Orbital Fissure

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled E

Foramen Rotundum

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled F

Foramen Ovale

Name the part of the Sphenoid Bone labeled G

Foramen Spinosum

What makes up the Pterygoid Plates?

The lateral and medial plates of the sphenoid bone

What nerve travels through the foramen rotundum, ovale, spinosum of the sphenoid bone?

CN V Trigeminal Nerve

What is the frontal bone?

• Unpaired bone

• Makes up the forehead, anterior cranial case, and supraorbital region