Neurodevelopmental Disorder Quiz

Language Disorder

• Difficulty acquiring and using language (spoken, written, sign language)

• Symptoms: Reduced vocabulary, limited sentence structure, impaired discourse

• Language ability is significantly below age level

Speech Sound Disorder

• Difficulty with speech sound production (e.g., saying "gog" instead of "dog")

• Impairs speech intelligibility and verbal communication

• Phonemes (individual sounds) are not articulated properly by age 5

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

• Interruptions in normal speech flow (e.g., sound/syllable repetition, silent blocking, prolongations)

• Causes anxiety, especially in social speaking situations

• Fluency often improves when reading aloud or speaking to pets

Social (Pragmatic) Communication Disorder

• Difficulty using verbal and nonverbal language in social contexts

• Struggles with conversational rules, context changes, and understanding implicit meanings

• Impacts social participation and academic performance

Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction

• Restricted and repetitive behaviors (e.g., flapping, lining up toys)

• Insistence on routines; difficulty with change

• Hypersensitivity or lack of sensitivity to sensory input

• Varies by severity, age, cognitive level, and gender

• Adults may "mask" difficulties using coping strategies

Intellectual Developmental Disorder (Intellectual Disability)

• Deficits in intellectual functioning: reasoning, problem-solving, planning

• Deficits in adaptive functioning: social skills, conceptual understanding, and practical tasks (e.g., money, hygiene)

• Diagnosis requires clinical and standardized testing

• IQ typically two standard deviations below the mean (approx. <70)

Global Developmental Delay

• Used for children under 5 when full assessment is not possible

• Delays in multiple areas (e.g., speech, motor, cognition

Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)

• Poor acquisition and execution of motor skills (e.g., tying shoes, catching balls)

• Impacts daily life activities

• Movements may appear awkward or slow

Stereotypic Movement Disorder

• Repetitive, purposeless movements (e.g., hand-flapping, rocking)

• May result in self-injury

• Specifiers: with or without self-injurious behavior

Tic

Sudden, rapid, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalizations

Simple vocal

Grunting, throat clearing

Echolalia

Repeating others' words

Coprolalia

Involuntary swearing

Palilalia

Repeating one's own words

Echopraxia/Copropraxia

Repetitive imitation of others' movements or inappropriate gestures

Tourette’s Disorder

Both motor and vocal tics for >1 year

Persistent Motor/Vocal Tic Disorder

Only one type of tic present >1 year

Provisional Tic Disorder

Motor and/or vocal tics <1 year duration

Specific Learning Disorder (SLD)

• Difficulty in reading, writing, or mathematics

• Symptoms must persist >6 months despite interventions

• Academic skills substantially below age expectations

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity present before age 12

• Symptoms must occur in two or more settings

• Affects social, academic, and work life

• Inattention Symptoms (6+):

• Careless mistakes, distractibility, disorganization, forgetfulness

• Hyperactivity-Impulsivity Symptoms (6+):

• Fidgeting, talking excessively, difficulty waiting, interrupting