Lesson 60 - Tongue & Teeth

What is isognathous?

animals with equal jaw widths

What is anisognathous?

animals with unequal jaw widths

What is the frenulum lingua?

fold of the mucous membrane that connects the ventral aspect of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

What is lingua?

latin term for the tongue

What is gustatory papillae?

papillae of the tongue with taste buds

What are taste buds?

sensory organ that is related to the special sense of taste

What are mechanical papillae?

papillae of the tongue that helps in retention and movement of food in the mouth

What is dentition?

describes type, number, and specific arrangement of the teeth in the animal

What is heterodont?

animals that have teeth with different morphology present in their mouth

What is homodont?

animals that have teeth with same morphology in the mouth

What is diphyodont?

animals that get only one replacement of teeth, having only two successive sets of teeth in their lifespan

What is polyphyodont?

animals that can have multiple replacements of teeth throughout their lifespan

What is an example of a heterodont?

cats

What is an example of a homodont?

reptiles

What is an example of a diphyodont?

mammals

What is an example of a polyphyodont?

shark, reptiles like crocodiles

What is brachydont?

teeth with a short crown and well-developed root

What is hypsodont?

teeth with high crows

What are incisors?

flat and sharp teeth for cutting food

Where are incisors?

most rostrally in the upper and lower jaw

What are canine teeth?

pointed teeth used for tearing food, often seen in carnivores

What are canine teeth also called?

fangs or cuspid teeth

What are premolar teeth?

teeth located behind the canines for tearing and grinding food

What are molar teeth?

large, flat teeth found at the back of the mouth used for grinding food

What are deciduous teeth?

first set of teeth that animals shed and replace with permanent teeth

What are other names for deciduous teeth?

milk teeth or baby teeth

What are permanent teeth?

final set of teeth that replace the deciduous teeth

What are carnassial teeth?

large, sharp teeth in carnivores adapted for shearing meat

What is the alveolus?

socket in the jawbone where a tooth is anchored

What is dental arcade?

arrangement of teeth in the mouth

What is eruption?

process of a tooth emerging through the gum

What is crown?

visible part of the tooth above the gum line

What is root?

part of the tooth embedded in the jawbone, anchoring the tooth in place

What is periodontium?

supporting structures of the teeth including the gums, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone

What is the gingiva/gum?

mucous membrane of the mouth that is closely associated with the teeth and the bones that hold the teeth

What is malocclusion?

misalignment of teeth which can cause chewing problems

What is attrition?

gradual loss of tooth material due to use, common in grazing animals

What is the function of the tongue?

deglutition, drinking, taste, prehension in cows, thermoregulation in dogs, grooming in cats

What assists the tongue with taste?

gustatory papillae, taste buds, chemoreceptors

What is a unique function of tongue papillae in cats?

serve as rasp to scrape small amounts of meat off bones and move it towards the back of the mouth

What are the parts of the tongue?

root, body, apex

What is the groove going down the tongue called?

median sulcus

What are the most numerous papillae of the tongue?

filiform papillae

What is important about filiform papillae and cats?

modified and highly keratinized on the rostral 2/3

What papillae are present on the caudal oropharyngeal region of the tongue?

conical papillae

What are papillae only in young suckling animals?

marginal papillae

What are papillae only in ruminants?

lenticular papillae

What are two mechanical papillae?

marginal and lenticular papillae

What are the types of gustatory papillae?

fungiform, vallate, folliate

What is a structure present in carnvore tongues?

rod shaped fibrous body called lyssa

Is genioglossus muscle extrinsic or intrinsic?

extrinsic

Is styloglossus muscle extrinsic or intrinsic?

extrinsic

Is hyoglossus muscle extrinisic or intrinsic?

extrinsic

Is geniohyoideus muscle extrinisic or intrinsic?

extrinsic

What is the function of the genioglossus muscle?

depress and protrude the tongue

What is the function of the hyoglossus muscle?

retract the tongue

What is the function of the geniohyoideus muscle?

protrude the tongue

Which muscle is technically not a tongue muscle but the action is related to movement of the tongue?

geniohyoideus muscle

Is the lingualis proprius an extrinsic or intrinsic muscle?

intrinsic

What does the lingual artery branch off of?

external carotid artery

What does the sublingual artery branch off of?

facial artery

What veins are taking blood from the tongue?

venous plexus

What does the venous plexus drain into?

deep lingual vein and superficial ventral lingual vein

What does the deep lingual vein drain into?

lingual vein

What does the sublingual vein drain into?

lingual vein

What does the lingual vein drain into?

linguofacial vein

What does the superficial ventral lingual vein drain into?

sublingual vein

What does the linguofacial vein drain into?

external jugular vein

What nerve innervates the muscles of the tongue?

hypoglossal nerve

What cranial nerve is the hypoglossal nerve?

CN XII

What nerve innervates the rostral 2/3 of the tongue?

lingual nerve and chorda tympani

What nerve innervated the root of the tongue?

glossopharyngeal nerve

What nerve innervates the part of the tongue where the epiglottis is?

vagal and glossopharyngeal nerve

What nerve is associated with the fungiform papillae?

chorda tympani

What nerve is associated with the vallate and foliate papillae?

glossopharyngeal nerve

Where does the chorda tympani branch from?

facial nerve

Where does the lingual nerve branch from?

trigeminal nerve

What is a major prehensile organ in ruminants?

tongue

What papillae are absent in ruminants?

foliate papillae

What is the torus lingua?

rounded swelling located on the caudal part of the tongue in ruminants

What is the fossa linguae?

groove-shaped depression rostral to the torus lingua

What is the shape of the horse tongue?

spatulated, apex is not pointed

What are differences between horse and ruminant tongues?

horse tongue is not a prehensile organ, lacks a torus lingua and fossa lingua

What is a structure that horses have in their tongue?

dorsal lingual cartilage made of hyaline cartilage

What is the tongue lined with?

stratified squamous epithelium

What side of the tongue has papillae?

dorsal

What is present in the laminal propria submucosa of the tongue?

lingual salivary glands

How do fungiform papilla look on histology?

moundlike section with a broad core of connective tissue containing numerous nerves

Where are the taste buds on the fungiform papillae?

dorsal surface

What do the filiform papillae appear as on histology?

keratinized projections

What do the vallate papillae appear as on histology?

large papillae within a depression of the epithelium

Where are the taste buds on the vallate papillae?

within the epithelium that is in the depression, not on the upper surface

What is the function of teeth in carnivores?

cutting and tearing

What is the function of teeth in herbivores?

grinding and chewing

What is the function of teeth in omnivores and predators?

grasping and holding

What is the function of teeth in rodents and some mammals?

gnawing

What is the neck with teeth?

junction between the crown and the root at the gumline

What is furcation?

area where the roots diverge in multi-rooted teeth

What is the clinical significance of the furcation?

common site for periodontal disease

What is enamel?

hardest substance in the body, protects the tooth