Overview of the Digestive System

These flashcards cover key concepts, terms, and functions related to the digestive system, providing definitions and explanations for effective study and understanding.

Ingestion

The process of taking food into the body through the mouth.

Propulsion

The action of moving food through the digestive tract, including swallowing and peristalsis.

Peristalsis

Involuntary contractions of smooth muscles that move food through the digestive tract.

Chyme

The partially digested food that is mixed with gastric juices in the stomach.

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the digestive tract that produces digestive juices and houses protective mucus.

Submucosa

The layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

Muscularis

The layer responsible for peristalsis and contractions in the digestive system.

Serosa

The outermost layer of the digestive tract that allows organs to move smoothly against each other.

Enteric nervous system

A network of nerves that independently controls digestion.

Pancreatic juice

Digestive fluid that contains enzymes needed to break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Hydrochloric acid

A strong acid produced in the stomach that initiates protein digestion.

Intrinsic factor

A substance produced in the stomach that is essential for vitamin B12 absorption.

Villi

Tiny finger-like projections lining the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.

Micelles

Aggregates of bile salts and fat molecules that facilitate the absorption of fats in the intestine.

Reflexes

Automatic responses that prepare the digestive system before food intake, such as saliva production.

Gut microbiome

A community of trillions of bacteria and microorganisms in the intestines that aid in digestion and health.

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes in the body that convert food into energy and building blocks.

Mass movements

Powerful contractions in the large intestine that move waste towards elimination.

Emulsification

The process by which bile salts break down fat globules into smaller droplets, increasing surface area for enzymes.

Holistic health

An approach that considers the interconnectedness of physical, mental, and emotional well-being.