apush unit one terms !!!!!

actual representation

**WHAT**: representatives from the colony represented colonists--one for each area; **WHY**: knew their ways and if problems occurred colonists could directly talk to representatives; **WHO**: Americans favor this; WHEN: after 1775

Albany Plan of Union

**WHAT**: envisioned the creation of a Grand Council composed of Delegates from each colony, with the power to levy taxes and deal with Indian relations at the common defense. **WHEN**: 1754; **WHO**: drafted by Benjamin Franklin at the outbreak of the Seventy Years War; **WHY**: to place the British North American colonies under a more centralized government. Eventually, rejected by the colonial assemblies, whose powers Franklin’s proposal would curtail, the plan was never sent to London for approval.

Antinomianism

**WHAT**: putting one’s own judgement or faith above both human law and the teaching of the church, opposed those who said free will and liberty; **WHEN**: 1636 to 1638; **WHY**: governor and people not fond of Anne Hutchinsons’ actions, they said that her behavior of a public woman was outrageous. **SPECIFICITY**: 1637 she was placed on trial. Roger Williams also accused and exiled for criticizing Puritanism. WHERE: massachussets.

Bacon’s Rebellion

**WHAT**:  It was long viewed as an early revolt against English tyranny, which culminated in the war for independence one hundred years later. **WHEN**:1676 to 1677; **WHO**: It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley; **WHY**: after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native American Indian out of Virginia. **WHERE**: colony of Virginia.

Ben Franklin

**WHO**: best known American in the eighteenth-century world for his creation and perfect embodiment of the Enlightenment; **WHAT**: established newspapers, published widely circulated Poor Richard’s Almanack, conducted experiments to show that lightning is a form of electricity; **WHEN**: June 10, 1752, Franklin flew his kite that discovered lightning; **WHERE**: Massachussets; **WHY**: helped the Constitution, served in Second Continental Congress, contributions to science.

Black Legend

**WHAT**: The image of Spain as a uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer; **WHO/WHERE**: A conservative Spanish Crown official, Julián Juderías, coined the term “Black Legend.” His book, La leyenda negra (1914), expressed a deep sense of grievance; WHEN: early 16th to 17th century; **SPECIFICITY**: The legend reached its peak during the Spanish-American War of 1898, when a new edition of Bartolomé de las Casas’s book on the destruction of the West Indies was published; **WHY**: created with the purpose to give an unfavorable image of Spain and Spaniards, accusing them of cruelty and intolerance. Set mixed views about the Spanish as a result.

Cartier/Champlain

**WHO**: Samuel de Champlain, sponsored by a french fur trading co, founded Quebec in 1608. **WHEN**: 1608; **SPECIFICITY**:  He also made important explorations of what is now northern New York, the Ottawa River, and the eastern Great Lakes. He also recommended further exploration and settlement of St. Lawrence area to allow the French to take advantage of the river for the valuable fur trade.

Columbian Exchange

**WHAT**: The transatlantic flow of goods and people; **WHO**: after Christopher Columbus and his crew blended items, such as plants, animals, and cultures, even diseases, thrown together with those of the new world. **WHEN**: Took place in 1492 and ended until roughly 1800; **WHERE**: The Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia were all involved; **SPECIFICITY**: from Euro to Am include corn, tomatoes, wheat, rice, sugarcane, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, DISEASES--influenza, smallpox, measles. Am to Euro: maize, potatoes, tobacco. Afr to Am: yellow fever, malarai, sugar. Asia to Afr and Am: sugar, rice, tea; **WHY**: It resulted from Europeans' exploration, conquest, and settlement of the Americas. Set new aliments but long time deaths as a result.

Congregationalism

**WHAT**: Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition that have a congregational form of church government and trace their origins mainly to Puritan settlers of colonial New England. **WHO**: Robert Browne founded. **WHY**: out of opposition to both the Roman Catholic and Anglican Churches of England. **WHERE**: 1509 to 1547; **SPECIFICITY**: influenced the First and Second Great Awakenings and were early promoters of the missionary movement of the 19th century. 

Coronado

**WHO**: Francisco Vasques de Coronado, a Spanish explorer and conquistador; **WHAT**: first European to encounter the immense herds of buffalo that roamed the West. **WHY**: he was one of many that marched through the Gulf region and Southwest to fruitlessly search for another Mexico or Peru; **WHEN**: 1540 to 1542; **SPECIFICITY**: Coronado led a major Spanish expedition up Mexico’s W and SW Usa. Though the explorers found none of the storied treasure, Grand Canyon and other major physical landmarks of the region were found. Also, clashed violently with local Indians; **WHY**: supposed that by finding new areas with much silver and gold, they would add it to the dominions of the Spanish crown. Considered a failure as he brought nothing valuable enough to Spain as a result.

Declaratory Act

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**WHAT**: British law asserting complete authority over the American colonies; **WHEN**: passed in 1776; **WHY**: It stated that the British Parliament had the power to make laws and decisions for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." This act was a response to the repeal of the Stamp Act; **SPECIFICITY**: further fueled tensions between Britain and the American colonies.

Dominion of New England

**WHAT/WHEN:** British administrative entity in the late 17th century. **WHY**: It aimed to increase control over the American colonies by merging several colonies into one. **WHO**: Created by King James II, it faced resistance from colonists due to its centralized power and lack of local representation. **SPECIFICITY**: The Dominion was dissolved in 1689 following the Glorious Revolution.

Enlightenment

**WHO**: preceded by the Scientific Revolution and the work of Francis Bacon and John Locke, among other French thinkers; **WHAT**: philosophical movement that sought to explain the scientific method of careful investigation based on research to political and social life; **WHEN**: 1685-1815; **WHERE**: Europe and eventually the Americas; **WHY**: the focus on humanism during the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution led to new ways of thinking. **SPECIFICITY**: produced modern secularized theories of psychology and ethics, redefined application towards science.

First Continental Congress

**WHEN**: 1774; **WHERE**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; **WHY**: to address grievances against British rule and discuss colonial rights; **WHAT**: Issued a Declaration of Resolves, calling for boycotts and asserting colonial self-governance. Marked the first unified political action by the American colonies against British oppression.

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French and Indian War

**WHAT**: also known as the Seventy Years War, the first of the century’s imperial wars to begin in the colonies and the first to result in a decisive victory for one combatant. **WHEN**: 1756-1763; **WHY**: conflict between France and Great Britain that began from dispute over North American land claims in the region around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Led to colonial revolution and Am Rev.

General Court

**WHEN**: 1629 **WHO**: founded by a group of Puritan shareholders; **WHERE**: Massachusetts; **WHAT**: it served as a form of government for the Massachusetts Bay Colony; **WHY**: It was significant because it was one of the first forms of colonial government since it separated from Britain. In addition, it mainly consisted of non-separatists.

Glorious Revolution

**WHAT**: It established the parliament supremacy once and for all and secured the Protestant succession to the throne; **WHO**: Charles II; **WHEN**: 1688-1689; **WHERE**: England, Great Britain, Scotland; **WHY**: King James II was Catholic, but the population he ruled did not all share the same religious beliefs and affiliations. It permanently created a Parliament as the ruling power of England and UK representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy. 

Great Awakening

**WHAT**: Christian religious revival in the British American colonies; **WHEN**: between about 1720 and the 1740s primarily, ended until 1770s; **WHERE**: England, Scotland, and Germany primarily; **WHY**: many ministers were concerned westward expansion, commercial development, growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion; **WHO**: began largely with Puritan Congregational minister Solomon Stoddard; **SPECIFICITY**: created social tensions, threw into the question many forms of authority, and inspire criticisms of aspects of colonial society. In Chesapeake, for instance, the revival brought a lot of slaves into the Christian fold, a step into the acculturation of African Americans. Also greatly inspired the circulation of printed materials in the colony.

Great Migration

**WHAT**: flow of people, 20,000, including men, women, and children to New England **WHEN**: 1630-1643; **WHO**: took place after John Winthrop sailed eleven ships to Massachusetts; **WHY**:  The time of the migration coincides with the height of the persecution of the Puritans under Charles I and ends with the outbreak of the Civil War that ended the reign and the life of Charles I. **WHERE**: New England.

Half-Way Covenant

**WHO:** Puritan judge Samuel Sewell voted towards this; **WHAT**: a vote that ended up allowing individuals into the church through baptism, esp the grand children of those who arrived form the Great Migration. **WHEN**: 1662; **WHY**: to keep the church connected to a larger part of the population but would raise fears about a loss of religious purity; **WHERE**: Boston, Massachusetts; eventually led to a maintenance of the church membership.

Headright

**WHAT**: a system in Virginia Company that awarded fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another’s passage; **WHEN**: 1618; **WHERE**: The system was used mainly in Virginia, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Maryland, og in Jamestown, Virginia; **WHO**: Sir Edwin Sandys; **WHY**: a way to attract new settlers to the region and address the labor shortage. With the emergence of tobacco farming, a large supply of workers was needed.

House of Burgesses

**WHAT/WHEN**: The first elected legislative assembly in colonial Virginia, established in 1619. It allowed male property owners to participate in making laws and decisions for the colony. It allowed the colonists to have a voice in the legislative process, enabling them to exert their influence and advocate for their interests. Led to the foundation for a more inclusive and representative government but also paved the way for future democratic institutions in the American colonies.

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John Peter Zenger

**WHO**: a German-born printer who had immigrated to New York as a young child; **WHAT**: he had a trial that was quite famous--colonial court case involving freedom of the press demonstrated the pop sentiment opposed prosecutions for criticism of public officials; **WHEN**: 1735 when Trial took place; **WHERE**: New York: **WHY**: Zenger’s newspaper, the Weekly Journal, lambasted the gov for corruption, influence peddling, and tyranny. **SPECIFICITY**: the outcome (not being accused guilty) helped to promote the idea that the pub of truth should always be allowed and showed the idea of free expression becme ingrained in popular imagination.

John Smith

**WHO**: English explorer and leader of the Jamestown settlement in Virginia. **WHAT**: established trade relations with Native Americans and implemented strict discipline to ensure the survival of the colony. Smith's leadership helped Jamestown overcome early hardships and laid the foundation for English colonization in North America. **WHEN**: 1607 Jamestown was named.

London co Virginia co

**WHAT**: a joint-stock company chartered; **WHEN**: 1606-1924; **WHY**: responsible for founding the first permanent English settlement in America; Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.Such a venture allowed the Crown to reap the benefits of colonization—natural resources, new markets for English goods, leverage against the Spanish—without bearing the costs.

Mercantilism

**WHAT**: the gov should regulate eco activity to promote national power, in order to encourage manufacturing and commerce by special bounties, monopolies, and other measures; **WHY**: to serve the interests of mother country by producing marketable raw materials and importing manufactured goods from home; **WHEN**: 16th to 18th century; **WHO:** Adam Smith brought it to light in his books Wealth of Nations (1776)

Middle Passage

**WHAT**: brutal journey across the Atlantic Ocean where enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the transatlantic slave trade. The enslaved Africans were crammed into tightly packed, disease-ridden ships, with little to no regard for their well-being. The conditions on board were deplorable, as they were forced to endure overcrowding, filth, and an overwhelming stench that permeated the air. They were often beaten, starved, and subjected to various forms of abuse. **SPECIFICITY**: Entire communities were uprooted, leaving behind a void that would forever alter the social, economic, and cultural fabric of the region. The transatlantic slave trade not only robbed Africa of its human resources but also disrupted its potential for development and progress. **WHEN**: 1517 to 1857.

Navigation Acts

**WHO**: under Oliver Cromwell; **WHAT**:  a series of laws that controlled trade and shipping between Great Britain and the American Colonies; **WHY**: aimed to wrest control of trade from the Dutch, whose merchants profited from free trade with all parts of the world and all existing empires. Also enforced mercantilist new system

Penn’s Holy Experiment

**WHAT**: William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania; **WHY**: supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all, was the first colony to allow many different religions to live together; **WHEN**: 1681-1683; **SPECIFICITY**: fair treatment for Native Am, no military, a new form of gov, work and edu for all, etc; **WHERE**: Pennsylvania.

Pilgrims

**WHO**:  commonly known as Mayflower passengers, and even to other people arriving in Plymouth in those early years of 1620s; **WHAT**: established the Plymouth Colony in Plymouth, Massachusetts; **WHY**: to find safe haven, after negotiating for rights with the Virginia company; **WHERE**: went to Plymouth, Massachusetts; **WHEN**: 1620.

Plantation Economy

**WHAT**: when the Virginians started mass agricultural production so that they could earn money. They usually had 1-2 crops that they specialized in growing; **SPECIFICITY**: One of the main items that the Virginians grew was the "bewitching weed" tobacco. At first they used indentured servants for labor, but then switched to slavery as a way of saving money. They did try to enslave the Natives.

Pontiac’s Rebellion

**WHO/WHAT**: Indians of the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes launched a revolt against British rule after 7 years’ war; **WHEN**: 1763; **WHY**: The natives, who had formed alliances with the defeated French, were dissatisfied with treatment from British officials. It demonstrated the inability of the British soldiers to drive all French influence from such a vast territory.

Pueblo Revolt

**WHO**: the complete victory of Native Americans over Europeans; **WHAT**:  revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos; **WHERE**: provinces of Santa Fe New Mexico; **WHEN**: August 10 to 21 of 1680; SPECIFICITY: Pueblos turned with vengeance all symbols of Euro culture, such as uprooting fruit trees, destroying cattle, burning churches, images of Christ and Virgin Mary, waded into rivers to wash away their baptisms; **WHY**: occured due to the many oppresions that the Europeans forced upon the Pueblo, one of them being religion and the conversion to Christianity. By 1680s, warfare had broken out of several villages as a result.

Salutary Neglect

**WHAT**: left colonies to largely govern themselves; **WHY**: preoccupied with events in Euro and imperial rivalries, successive British gov during the first half of the eighteenth century. **WHEN**: 1609-1763; **WHO**: prime minister Robert Walpole.

Seasoning Time

**WHEN**: 1609-1610; **WHAT**: harsh winter when there was no food, leaving the settlers to eat anything they could find; **SPECIFICITY**: cannibalism, dogs, snakes were all results from this starvation. Prevalent among slaves.

Separatists

**WHAT/WHO**: A group of Puritans who advocated total withdrawl from the Church of England and wanted the freedom to worship independently from English authority; included the Pilgrims who migrated to America. Did not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England; **SPECIFICITY**: One Separatist group, the Pilgrims. Other notable separatist groups included the Quakers and Baptists; **WHY**: founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England.

Serpent of Wealth

**WHAT**: otherwise known as the "serpent of prosperity." This was when merchants entered the community. One of the things they made were ships. **WHEN**: 1640. Saw that wealth was a form of devil like that could affect one’s behavior overtime. It was crucial to not show off and keep that money private.

Stono Rebellion

**WHAT**: Violent slave uprising in South Carolina, 1739; **WHO**: Angolan led by Jemmy, 20 slaves rebelled against their masters, killing them and seizing weapons; **WHY**: Aimed to escape to Florida for freedom. **SPECIFICITY**: Resulted in stricter slave codes and restrictions on slaves' rights and led to a severe tightening in South Carolins slave code and the temp imposition of a prohibitive tax on imported slaves. **WHEN**: 1739-1741.

Toleration Act of 1649

**WHAT**: ensured religious freedoms to Christian settlers of different denominations who settled in Massachusetts; **WHEN**: 1649; **WHERE**: Maryland; **WHY**: meant to ensure freedom of religion for Christian settlers of diverse persuasions in the colony.

Triangular Trade

**WHAT**: System of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the 16th to 19th centuries, involving the exchange of goods, slaves, and resources. Europe sent manufactured goods to Africa, Africa sent slaves to the Americas, and the Americas sent raw materials to Europe. Responsible for moving ideas, products, and people around the world; **WHY**: influx of wealth and resources, another method to expatiate culture too. **WHEN**: 1500 to 1807.

Virtual Representation

**WHAT**: the idea that the brit parliament members virtually represented brit colonists by speaking for all. **WHEN**: april 1, 1775--brit colonial period; **WHY**: they were taxing the colonies, yet they weren't actually living in the colonies. **WHO**: favored by British.

William Bradford

**WHO**: English Puritan Separatist; **WHAT**: og settlers of the Plymouth Colony after leaving England on the Mayflower in 1620. Influential in shaping Plymouth's gov and became its governor in 1621; **WHEN**: 1621 became governor; **WHERE**: Plymouth Colony; **WHY**: helped shape and stabilize the political institutions of Plymouth.