French Revolution, Imperialism, World War 1

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Liberalism

Political philosophy based on Enlightenment principles holding that people should be as free as possible from government restraint and that civil rights and liberties should be protected.

Bourgeoisie

Middle class made of merchants, industrialists and professionals.

Reign of terror

Period following the revolution under control of Robespierre.

Estate

Made up of clergy, nobles and townspeople.

Coup d’état

Sudden overthrow of the government, usually by military means.

Tailie

Annual direct tax which provided income to the monarchy.

Waterloo

Battle in Belgium lost by Napoleon after his second attempt to gain control of Europe against British and Prussian forces.

Consulate

Government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory placing Napoleon in total control as First Consul.

scorched-earth policy

Tactic practiced by Russians as to leave nothing behind for the enemy on their advance.

Concert of Europe

Meetings at which Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria and even France would meet to discuss common interests to maintain peace in Europe.

Conservatism

Philosophy based on tradition and social stability, favoring obedience to authority and organized religion.

Notre Dame

Known as the Temple of Reason during the revolution.

Electors

Individuals qualified to vote in an election.

Principle of Intervention

Idea that great powers have the right to send armies into countries where there are revolutions to restore legitimate governments.

British resistance,Nationalism

reason for Napoleon's Grand Empire Collapse .

Rearrange territory , Balance political power

goals of Metternich’s for the Congress of Vienna.

Invasion to Russia, Peninsula War, Attack on the allied troops

Napoleon’s mistakes.

Elba, St. Helena

islands Napoleon was exiled to.

Less

In the Napoleonic Code women were _ equal than men.

Opening careers to men of talent, New aristocracy, Liberty was replaced by a despotism

legal reforms of the Napoleonic Code.

Equality, Tolerance to religion

A reform of the French Revolution kept by Napoleon.

Council of 500

A legislative house or council created after Robespierre's fall.

Council of Elders

a body of respected individuals, often older but not necessarily, who serve in an advisory or decision-making capacity

Second Estate

The nobility holding from 25-30% of the land.

Third estate

Contained the bourgeoisie who held 20-25% of the land.

First estate

Clergy holding 10% of the land.

Sans-culottes

Members of the Paris Commune.

Republic of Virtue

Represented areas outside of Paris.

Committee of Public Safety

Robespierre belonged to it; radical from Paris; wanted king executed.

Confederation of the Rhine

The union of German states controlled by Napoleon.

Tennis court Oath

The oath which looked to provide France with a new constitution.

The Bastille

The taking and destruction of __ represents the beginning of the French.

Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy

European powers that controlled Africa.

Roads, Canals, Rail network, Postal service

Infrastructure upgrades in India by British.

Indian National Congress (INC), Muslim League

leagues in India.

Militarism

Glorification of armies, military power, keeping standing armies, and quick mobilization plans.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Alliance.

Great Britain, France, Russia

Triple Entente.

Imperialism

Competition for colonial territories (e.g., Germany & France over Morocco), materials, and markets.

Nationalism

A powerful unifying force within countries but also led to intense competition and rivalry between nations.

Otto von Bismarck

Used war to unify Germany, then worked to maintain peace through alliances.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

Forced Bismarck to resign, pursued aggressive foreign policy, built up the German navy challenging Britain.

Franz Ferdinand

Austro-Hungarian heir assassinated on June 28, 1914.

Austria

, seeking to punish Serbia and crush Serbian nationalism, issued a harsh ultimatum.

July 28

Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.

August 1

Germany declares war on Russia.

August 3

Germany declares war on France.

August 4

Great Britain declares war on Germany.

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Central Powers.

Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan, Italy, later USA

they all were Allies.

First Battle of the Marne

The Germans pushed close to Paris but were stopped at this battle.

Trench warfare

This characterized the Western Front.

Tannenberg

Site of immense slaughter on the Eastern Front.

Poison gas

The Germans first used as a new weapon.

Tanks

The British first used as a new weapon.

Gallipoli Campaign

Allies tried to secure Dardanelles to supply Russia and attack Constantinople during this campaign.

T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)

British officer who helped lead Arab revolts against Ottoman Turk rulers.

Lusitania

Sunk in 1915, 128 US citizens killed.

Zimmermann Telegram

Decoded message from German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann to German ambassador in Mexico, urging Mexico to attack the US and 'reconquer' lost territory

U-boat warfare, Zimmermann Telegram, cultural ties to Britain and France, anti-German sentiment.

Reasons US Enters War (April 2, 1917)

Total War

Countries devote all resources to war.

Shell Shock

Psychological trauma (fatigue, confusion, tremors, nightmares, impaired senses, paralysis).

Russian Revolution (1917)

War led to food/fuel shortages and 5.5 million Russian casualties.

March Revolution

Czar Nicholas II abdicated during this Revolution.

November Revolution (Bolshevik)

Vladimir Lenin's Communists seized power during this Revolution.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918)

Russia exits WWI, ceding vast territories (Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) to Germany.

Marshal Foch

French commander during the Allied counterattack.

November 9, 1918

Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down, Germany became a republic.

Armistice (November 11, 1918)

ended the fighting: Marshal Foch met German representatives to sign an armistice.

Paris Peace Conference (Jan 18, 1919)

Major decisions by the 'Big Four'

Woodrow Wilson

US representative at the Paris Peace Conference.

Georges Clemenceau

French representative at the Paris Peace Conference.

David Lloyd George

Great Britain representative at the Paris Peace Conference.

Vittorio Orlando

Italy representative at the Paris Peace Conference.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

Plan for a just and lasting peace (end secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, reduced armies/navies, colonial claims fairness, self-determination, 'general association of nations' - League of Nations).

June 28, 1919

Treaty of Versailles was signed on this date.

League of Nations

Created an international peace organization (Germany & Russia initially excluded).

Article 231 ('War Guilt Clause')

Germany forced to accept sole responsibility for the war.

Independent

Austria-Hungary dissolved: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia became _.

Mandates

Ottoman Empire dissolved: Retained only Turkey. Iraq, Palestine, Transjordan became British _.

Mandates

Syria, Lebanon became French _.

Legacy & Costs of the War

WWI was described as a new kind of war (new technology, global scale, unprecedented death/destruction).

July 25, 1914

Russia mobilized, ready for fighting.

“new imperialism”

By the late nineteenth century, _ sought nothing less than direct control over vast territories.

raw materials

Capitalist states in the West were looking for both markets and for their industries

Social Darwinism

belief that the fit are victorious.

racism

The belief that race determines a person’s traits and capabilities

white man's burden

The Europeans felt a moral responsibility called the “_” to civilize primitive people.

India

They conquered Burma ( modern Myanmar ) to protect its possessions in .

Vietnam

The French government forced _ to accept French protection.

Saigon

They also occupied the city of _, and extended their control over the next 30 years.

Thailand

The only remaining free state in Southeast Asia became _.

George Dewey

U.S Naval forces under Commodore _ defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines

Emilio Aguinaldo

led an independent movement, and set up a revolt for independence that resulted in 3 years of bloody warfare.

Indirect rule

, a colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status.

direct rule

System that used colonial governments with local elites, removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from the colonizing country.

Plantation

owners kept wages at poverty levels to increase profits.

“Save the King”

Can Vuong, also known as , fought the French.

Nationalism

became a resistance movement, with its leaders being from a new class: Westernized intellectuals in the cities.

Africa's

Europeans had a keen interest in _ raw materials