Sports Sci Final

Nasal cavity

Filters, warms, and humidifies incoming air.

Pharynx

Passageway for air, connecting nasal cavity to larynx.

Larynx

Contains vocal cords and protects lower airways.

Trachea

Windpipe that conducts air to the bronchi.

Bronchi

Two main airways branching into the lungs.

Bronchioles

Smaller branches of the bronchi within the lungs.

Alveoli

Air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Lungs

Organs for gas exchange; right lung has three lobes, left lung has two.

Diaphragm

Muscle responsible for ventilatory movement.

Pulmonary Ventilation

Movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing).

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Maximum volume of air the lungs can hold.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Maximum amount of air exhaled after a full inhalation.

Tidal Volume (TV)

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Additional air exhaled after normal exhalation.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Additional air inhaled after normal inhalation.

Residual Volume (RV)

Air remaining in lungs after maximum exhalation.

Inhalation (Inspiration)

Diaphragm contracts, rib cage expands, and air flows in.

Exhalation (Expiration)

Diaphragm relaxes, rib cage shrinks, and air flows out.

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen.

Oxygen diffusion

Movement of oxygen from alveoli (high O₂ concentration) into capillaries (low O₂ concentration).

Carbon dioxide diffusion

Movement of carbon dioxide from capillaries (high CO₂ concentration) into alveoli (low CO₂ concentration) for exhalation.

Plasma

Liquid component of blood carrying nutrients, hormones, and waste products.

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

Blood cells containing hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Leucocytes (White Blood Cells)

Blood cells that defend against infection and foreign substances.

Platelets

Small cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

Atria (Right and Left)

Upper chambers of the heart receiving blood.

Ventricles (Right and Left)

Lower chambers of the heart pumping blood out.

Atrioventricular Valves

Valves between atria and ventricles; include Tricuspid (right) and Bicuspid/Mitral (left).

Semilunar Valves

Valves at the exit of the ventricles; include Pulmonary valve (right) and Aortic valve (left).

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

Major blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Pulmonary Arteries

Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Pulmonary Veins

Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Aorta

Major artery that distributes oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.