SAS 13 UC DAVIS - FQ24 Midterm 3/Final

What is Quarentine?

For people who have not gotten sick yet

What is isolation?

What quarantine is called after you get sick

When did quarantine start?

In Italy 14th century, black plague, not letting people off ships

How was quarantined originally signaled

Yellow Jack flag on ships

What famous people did Typhoid fever kill?

Wilbur Wright, Leland Stanford

What is the name of the bacteria that causes typhoid fever?

Salmonella Typhi

How lethal is typhoid fever?

with no treatment, 20%

What is the incubation period of Typhoid?

6-30 days

Is typhoid a long or short illness?

long, usually 3 weeks to a month

Why is typhoid so dangerous to people who survive?

because 2-5% of people are chronic carriers who will still spread the disease

How does typhoid transmit?

fecal-oral

Where are most typhoid cases today?

areas with challenges in water treatment and sanitation infrastructure

How did the US get their typhoid cases to go down?

By Chlorinating water

What is a stigmatized indivdual?

one who is not accepted by their peers, leads to negative attitudes (prejudice) and negative behavior (discrimination)

What major event overall helped stigma of diseases?

The Pandemic

Is disease stigma only present in humans?

No, also present in animals

What diseases create the most stigma?

visible or contagious diseases

What is another name for Hansen's disease?

Leprosy

What is the bacteria that causes Hansen's disease

Mycobacterium leprae

Has Hansen's disease ever been cell-cultured in a lab?

No

What animals transmit Hansen's disease?

Mice and Armadillos

How contagious is Hansen's disease?

least contagious of all major communicable diseases

What is the incubation period of Hansen's disease?

1 to 20 years, average 5

How is Hansen's disease diagnosed?

two of these three 1. loss of sensation in a red or pale skin patch, 2. thickened or enlarged peripheral nerve, 3. presence of acid-fast bacilli in a slit-skin smear

What defines a Paucibacillary case of Hansen's disease?

1-5 lesions without bacilli in smear

What defines Multibacillary case of Hansen's disease?

more than 5 skin lesions, nerve involvement, bacilli in smear

How does Hansen's disease effect the body?

Skin lesions, swelling of nerves and extremities, and reabsorbing of fingers and toes, destruction of facial features

Who was Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen?

first to think Hansen's disease caused by bacteria, tried to prove it but couldn't

What did Hansen do that was so immoral?

He tried to innoculate a patient with leprosy without her consent

Who was the first to suggest that a bacteria caused a disease?

Hansen! Before Koch!

Where did doctor Hansen work?

Norway's National Leprosarium

Where was the only national leprosarium in the continental United States?

Carville, Louisiana

Why are experiments called Guinea Pigs?

they share many features with humans and have been used for many experiments

What are the three Rs of animal testing?

Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement

What does refinement mean in animal testing?

Improving methods to reduce animal pain or suffering

What does replacement mean in animal testing?

avoiding animal models when possible

What does reduction mean in animal testing?

Design experiments to use the minimum number of animals

What is the extra R in animal testing?

Repayment

what is a placebo response?

the measured response of subjects to a placebo

what is a placebo effect?

the difference between that response and treatment

What is the drug effect?

the response obtained with the drug minus the placebo response

What is the Nuremberg code?

The voluntary consent of the human subject is essential to experimentation

What is an example of unethical human reseearch?

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

What Act did the Tuskegee Syphilis Study lead to? What was its purpose?

National Research Act Protects human subjects and makes basic ethical principles to be followed

What was the Belmont report?

Created by the National Research Act identifies and guidelines human research

What types of diseases are getting more prevalent?

Allergic and autoimmune disorders

What is sickle cell a mutation of?

the B-globin gene

When was the first polio vaccine devepoped? by who?

1955, Jonas Salk

What was the flaw in the IPV?

Polio could still be transmitted, just didn't effect the people with the vaccine

What were the advantages of the OPV?

Oral adminitstration, lower risk of paralysis

How many plagues have there been?

Three

What are the three plagues that have occured?

Black Death, Justinian, and Third

Who was the main host for the black plague?

Fleas

How did the black plague make the fleas so infectious?

It would make them starve by blocking their stomach, making them bite more and vomit the black plague when they bit

What helped to spread the plagues after marmots?

Black roof rats on ships

How did humans first get the black plague?

fleas from rats would bite them

When was the bubonic plague in europe?

1347-1351

What are symptoms of the black death

chills, high fever, headache/joint/muscle pain, swollen lymph nodes, necrosis

What was the deathrate of the bubonic plague?

30-60%

What disease/worse case did bubonic plague turn into?

Pneumonia

How did the Pneumonic form of the Plague spread?

through airborne droplets

When was plague in the united states?

in 1900

What was the effect of plague in the US?

Not much human impact, in ground squirrels and prarie dogs mainly