Neoplasia and Cancer Pt 1

What is neoplasia?

“new growth“

What is a neoplasm

neoplastic growth

What does neoplasia mean

uncontrolled disorderly proliferation of cells resulting in a benign or a malignant tumor

Are Neoplasms malignant or benign

Can be both

What is cancer

malignant tumors

How many new cases of cancer worldwide in 2023? How many deaths?

20 Million; 10 million deaths

What are the two components of tumors

1- proliferating tumor cells
2- supporting stroma with connective tissue and vessels

Neoplasms are classified into what two categories?

Benign and Malignant

What do benign neoplasms have?

relatively closely resemble original tissue, grow slowly, do not metastasize, are often encapsulated, do NOT invade and destroy tissues around them

What do malignant neoplasms have?

Undifferentiated, uncontrolled growth invasion around them, metastasis 

What are the five characteristics of benign tumors

1- Naming
2- Biological Behavior
3- Papilloma
4- Adenoma
5- Benign neoplasms of mesenchymal origin

What is the naming convention of benign tumors?

-oma; “Lipoma,“ “fibroma,“ “adenoma

What is the biological behavior of benign tumors?

Slow growth, encapsulated, do not metastasize, not destructive

What is a papilloma?

Benign neoplasm arising from surface epithelium; finger-like projections, various causes

What is an adenoma?

Benign neoplasm of glandular epithelium

What are benign neoplasms of mesenchymal origin

origin point from the muscle, connective tissue, fat, bone, cartilage

What is a fibroma?

tumor in the fibroblasts

What is a lipoma

tumor in the fatty tissue

What is a leiomyoma

smooth muscle tumor; i.e. uterus

What is rhabdomyoma

striated muscle cells, skeletal muscle

What is chondroma

cartilage cells

Papillomas are caused by

HPV

What is Verruca

Wart

What is papillomatous growth

finger-like projections typically from squamous cells

What are adenomas

this is colonic polyp from glandular epithelium

What are adenoma polyps?

Polyps are an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from the mucosal surface

How do adenomatous and non-adenomatous polyps differ

non-adenomatous are flat bumps, adenomatous are protruding, and mushroom-like

What are Leiomyomas

Tumors in the uterus and is also called “fibroids”

What is the most common benign tumor?

Nevus (Pigmented Mole)

Can a nevus become malignant

Yes.

What are hemangiomas

benign tumors of the vascular epithelium

What are Infantile hemangiomas

Moat frequent benign of blood vessels

Which hemangioma grows quickly for a short time and then disappear

Infantile hemangioma

Which hemangioma is also called strawberry marks

Infantile Hemangioma

What are distinct characteristics of congenital hemangioma

Present at Birth; can remain or shrink, less frequent

Which hemangioma is more common

Infantile Hemangioma

Which hemangioma is associated with underlying genetic conditions

Congenital Hemangioma

What type of hemangioma is a cavernous hemangioma

Congenital Hemangiomas

What age range do cherry angiomas affect

Senile patients

What is a stork bite

harmless nevus simplex

What are other names for stork bites

“angel’s kiss“, “salmon patch“

is a stork bite a neoplasm

not a neoplasm, and it fades away with time

What happens in stork bites

Dilated/stretched capillaries

Are stork bites dangerous

No

What are Hamartomas

disorganized overgrowth of different cells and tissues normally found in an organ

What type of cells are in a neoplastic proliferation

different cell type

What is the speed in normal tissues

Grows at the same speed as normal

Where is hamartomas usually located in

Lungs, Kidney, Spleen

What do the lungs have

consists of fat, cartilage, and connective tissue

How do Hamartomas present in the kidney and spleen

nodule with increased red pulp, blood vessels

How are hamartomas usually discovered

by chance (Chest X-rays, CT)

What is the usual cause of hamartomas

Underlying Genetic Abnormality

What is the most tell-tale feature of a malignant tumor

Forming Metastasis

What are 5 characteristics of malignant tumors

invasive growth, undifferentiated, no capsule, rapid growth, frequently necrosis

What does it mean to be undifferentiated?

They barely resemble the tissue of origin

What are 5 important cellular features of a malignant tumor

Anaplasia, Pleomorphic, Hyperchromatic nucleus, High nuclear to cytoplasm ratio, Prominent nucleoli

What is anaplasia ?

poorly differentiated or primitive

What does Pleomorphic mean ?

Wide variation in the shape and appearance of the tumor cells

What is a hyperchromatic nucleus

A dark staining nucleus

What does it mean to frequently necrosis

Not enough blood supply

How are cancers named

According to tissue origin

What is a carcinoma ?

Malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin

Where does a squamous cell carcinoma affect

skin, mouth, esophagus, lungs

Where does an adenocarcinoma affect?

Glandular tissue (GI, colon), GI mucosa, endometrium, lungs

Where does a transitional cell carcinoma affect

urinary tract, Bladder,

What is a sarcoma?

malignant tumor from connective tissue (muscle, bone, connective tissue)

What does a leiomyosarcoma affect

smooth muscle, uterus

What does a rhabdomyosarcoma affect?

skeletal muscle

What does an osteosarcoma affect?

bone

what does a chondrosarcoma affect

cartilage

What does a liposarcoma affect

fatty tissue

What makes Burkitt’s lymphoma unique

strong correlation to the Epstein-Barr Virus

What makes Hodgkin’s disease unique

lymphoma and has a good prognosis

What makes Wilm’s tumor unique

in kidney and difficult to treat

Do osteosarcomas have a good prognosis

No

what is a teratoma

germ cell layer-derived tumor from ovaries or testes

What can teratomas comprise

bone, teeth, hair, etc

Are teratomas benign or malignant

Mostly benign, can be malignant

Which teratoma is malignant

Immature

Which teratoma is benign

Mature

Which teratoma is in males

Immature Teratoma

Which teratoma is in Females

Mature Teratomas