intel

Francis Galton

Believed intelligence is primarily based on sensory abilities.

Alfred Binet

Defined intelligence as the ability to solve problems.

David Wechsler

Described intelligence as the capacity to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal with the environment effectively.

Jean Piaget

Viewed intelligence as an evolving biological adaptation to the outside world.

Louis Thurstone

Proposed that intelligence is composed of primary mental abilities that can be measured through task performance.

Factor analytic theories

Identify specific abilities or constructs that are considered to constitute intelligence.

Factor Analysis

Statistical procedure to simplify complex variables and explore underlying dimensions explaining relationships between variables.

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)

Hypothesis-generating method that extracts a model from data.

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)

Hypothesis-testing method that evaluates how well a model fits the data.

Charles Spearman

Found that test scores of primary abilities are measuring one common factor.

Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Criticized for lack of factorial evidence but widely accepted by the public.

Raymond Cattell's Crystallized Intelligence

Involves memorized knowledge acquired through exposure to culture and education.

Raymond Cattell's Fluid Intelligence

Non-verbal, culture-free skills like logical thinking.

Information Processing Theories

Focus on how information is handled.

Simultaneous Processing Theory

Information is processed integratively at the same time.

Successive/Sequential Processing Theory

Information is processed in a step-by-step manner.

PASS Model Theory (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive)

Combines simultaneous and successive processing for different tasks.

STANFORD BINET - 5

Individually administered test measuring various abilities for individuals aged 2-85 years old.

WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE | FOURTH EDITION (WAIS-IV)

Individually administered test assessing different abilities for individuals aged 16-90 years old.