intel
Francis Galton - intelligence is based best sensory abilities
Alfred Binet - intelligence is to solve problems
David Wechsler - intelligence is capacity of an individual to act purposely, to think rationally, and deal with the environment effectively.
Jean Piaget - Intelligence may be conceived of as a kind of evolving biological adaptation to the outside world.
Louis Thurstone- intelligence composed of primary mental abilities which can be determined through measuring the performance of some task
Factor analytic theories – Identify abilities or construct that deemed to constitute intelligence.
Factor Analysis – simplify a set of complex variables or items using statistical procedures to explore the underlying dimensions that explain the relationships between the multiple variables/items.
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA)
type of factor analysis hypothesis-generating method that starts from the data and extracts a model from it.
Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)
type of factor analysis hypothesis-testing method that starts from a model and evaluates how well it fits the data.
Charles Spearman - Factor Analyzed the test scores of primary ability test (Visual, motor, verbal test, etc.) and found out that they are measuring one common factor.
Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence
- Criticized for lack of factorial evidence but accepted by the public.
Raymond Cattell's 2 types of Intelligence
crystallized and fluid
Crystallized Intelligence - Usually memorized. Knowledge require exposure to certain culture, formal and informal education. Throughout life
Fluid Intelligence Non-verbal, relatively culture free skills or abilities (logical thinking).
Information Processing Theories - Focuses on how information is handled.
Simultneous Processing Theory – Information is processed integratively at almost the same time.
Successive/Sequential Processing Theory – Information is processed in a step-by-step kind of processing.
PASS Model Theory (Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive
Combination of the two theories. Simultaneous processing is commonly used for spatial or visual tasks (map reading). Successive Processing is commonly used for logical and analytical task (dissecting).
STANFORD BINET - 5 - Individually Administered test. Fluid reasoning, knowledge, Quantitative reasoning, Visual-spatial processing, Working memory. 2-85 years old
WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE | FOURTH EDITION (WAIS-IV). Individually Administered test. Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, Working memory, processing speed. 16-90 years old