Unit 1.6 Developments in Europe

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

English Parliament

-Firmly established by the 14th century

-Gained power at the expense of the king

English Parliament

-Composed of the House of Lords (titled nobility) and the House of Commons (gentry and middle classes)

English Parliament

Manors

Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land

Manorial System

self sufficient, economic structure that is the relationship b/w the Lord and the peasants or serfs who produced all the necessary goods to keep the manor running

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Burghers

A medieval merchant-class town dweller.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Estates

The social classes in France made up of the Clergy, the Nobility and the Commoners

Otto I

Crowned emperor by pope in 962 CE; first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire., became emperor of the German states through close ties with the Catholic church, first emperor since Charlemagne

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Lay Investiture Controversy

Lay (non-clergy) civil authorities select and "invest" bishops & clerics with their symbols of office, A disagreement between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII about who should appoint church officials.

Great Schism

in 1054 this severing of relations divided medieval Christianity into the already distinct Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.

Antisemitism

hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Little Ice Age

Temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.

Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century.

Fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

Vassal

(n.) a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he or she owes allegiance; a subordinate or dependent; a servant; (adj.) subservient

Code of Chivalry

Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honor and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

King Philip II of France

Developed French Bureaucracy System (Estates General

Philip IV of France

enemy of the Pope; wants more state power; moved the Papacy to France (Later Medieval Europe)

Concardat of Worms

the church achieved autonomy from secular authority and won the lay investiture controversy

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Hundred Years' War

Between 1337 and 1453, the rival monarchies of England and France fought a series of battles, English archers armed with longbows helped with several early victories

Reconquista

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Monasticism

A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith

Saladin

(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians, took Jerusalem

Pope Urban II

Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades

Seljuk Turks

nomadic people from central Asia who converted to Islam and took command of the empire in 1055, persecution of Christian pilgrims to the Holy Land encouraged the start of the Crusades

Kublai Khan

Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China, encountered European Explorer Marco Polo

Johannes Gutenberg

German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)

Divine Comedy

Book by Dante Alighieri, describes soul's progression into heaven

Leonardo da Vinci

A well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, and scientist. Known for the Mona Lisa.

Raphael

(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Mona Lisa

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world.

Geoffrey Chaucer

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

Mongols

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Kievan Rus

A monarchy established in present day Russia in the 6th and 7th centuries. It was ruled through loosely organized alliances with regional aristocrats from. The Scandinavians coined the term "Russia". It was greatly influenced by Byzantine

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.