ANISCI- Organization of Animals

Hierarchy of Cells

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

Where do all cells come from?

Pre-existing cells

Potency

Developmental potential of a cell

Proliferation

Increase in cells by mitosis

Determination

Cells turn into cells unique from parent cells

Differentiation

Where cell features develop that allow for specialized functions and proliferation of cells.

How are cells differentiated?

Differential gene expression, differential protein production.

Genes can be "silenced" or "activated".

What shape are cells?

Not all round, often elongated and cylindrical

How many nuclei per cell?

1, normally

Organelles in the cell

Lysosomes, ribosomes, smooth/rough ER, mitochondria

What is the cell membrane made up of?

phospholipid bilayer

The head of a lipid is...

hydrophilic, polar

The tail of a lipid is...

hydrophobic, non-polar

The center of the phospholipid bilayer is...

Hydrophobic, fat soluble

The outside of the phospholipid bilayer is...

surrounded by water

Do hydrophilic substances need assisted transport?

Yes

Do hydrophobic substances need assisted transport?

No

Is the mitochondria from maternal or paternal origin?

Maternal

What is translation?

Ribosomes join amino acids together

What do lysosomes do?

Digests "trash"

What is a genome?

Complete set of DNA

Histones+DNA =....

Chromatin

TAGC

Thymine, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

A phosphate is a...

5 carbon sugar

UAGC

Uracil, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine

mRNA

messenger RNA

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome

tRNA

transfer RNA

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

Translation

Process in which ribosomes in cytoplasm or ER synthesizes proteins from a mRNA template

Transcription factor

Protein that controls rate of transcription of genes into mRNA

Protein synthesis

Forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA

RNA splicing

The removal of introns and joining of exons in eukaryotic RNA, forming an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence; occurs before mRNA leaves the nucleus.

Start and stop codons determine...

The length of mRNA

Primary structure

Secondary structures

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure

Polypeptide chains

Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds

Protein folding

Misshapen quaternary structure and function

Molecular chaperone

Molecule that assists in the proper folding of another molecule.

Misfolded protein diseases

-Mad cow

-Alzheimers

-Parkinsons

-Sickle cell

Cell cycle

series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides

meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

G0 phase

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

G1 Phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

Synthesis phase

DNA is replicated

G3 Phase

cell prepares for cell division

DNA replication

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

increase in number of cells

Hypertrophy

increase in cell size

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.

Helicase

separates 2 strands

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Steps of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Types of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Nervous tissues

found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

can receive and process sensory information

epitheliel tissue

Protection and absorption, secretion, filtration, sensation

Simple squamous

Simple cuboidal Cell arrangement- tightly packed Apical (top) surface and basal (basement membrane) surface High regenerative capacity Avascular- no blood vessels Receives nutrients through basement membrane- diffusion

Muscle tissues

Moves, posture, heat production

Cardiac Striated, involuntary, branched fibers Intercalated discs

Smooth Non-striated, voluntary, multinucleated

Skeletal Striated, voluntary, multinucleated fibers Long, excitable fibers with contractile proteins Actin and myosin

Connective tissues

Holds it all together

Fat

Bone

Blood

Cartilage Composition-few cells, widely spaced, extracellular matrix (ECM) Matrix components- fibers, ground substance Vascular Collagen reduces in size with age Reactive Oxygen Species breaks down collagen

Ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.

Cell receptor

An integral membrane protein that binds extracellular signaling molecules, such as hormones and peptides.

Sending cell

a cell that sends messages

Target cell

cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone

Non-target cell

a cell that does not have receptors for a specific hormone

Types of cell communication

Autocrine (self)

Juxtacrine (adjacent)

Paracrine (nearby)

Endocrine (far away)

intracrine

Autocrine

Cell targets itself

Paracrine

Cell targets a nearby cell

Endocrine

Cell targets distant cell (through bloodstream)

Juxtacrine

signals act through direct stimulation of the adjacent cells

Intracrine

a given cell responds to its own hormone without the hormone leaving that cell

Target cell

Must have all components of a signal transduction cascade to produce a biological response Reception Transduction Response

Cellular response depends on type of target cell and activation of different cellular responses

Types of receptors

Nuclear receptor

Plasma Membrane Receptor

Channel Receptor

Nuclear Receptors

found in the cell nucleus (not on the surface) of the cell membrane. Activation of receptors through the transcription factors is prolonged. With the first three receptor groups, activation of the receptors is rapid

Plasma Membrane Receptor

Receptor with intracellular domain exhibiting transcriptional activity

Enzyme receptor

Non0-enzymatic receptor recruiting cytoplasmic partners

G protein coupled receptors Activation/inactivation of second messenger Gs- modulate activity of enzyme andenylyl cyclase to activate/produce second messengers cAMP

Channel receptor

ligand binding opens or closes the channel

Juxtracrine cell communication

GAP junction

Movement of ions and small molecules directly from one cell to another

Calcium movement across muscle cells to produce synchronous contraction

Lock and Key

Model of enzyme activity that explains how a particular enzyme will only fit with one particular type of substrate.

This case- each ligand is to a specific receptor