Endocrine System Quiz

Name the 2 types of glands found in the body.

Endocrine & Exocrine Glands

What is the difference between Exocrine Glands & Endocrine Glands?

Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the vascular system without a duct, while exocrine glands secrete their products into a duct.

Why are endocrine glands also referred to as “ductless” glands?

Because they have lost their connection to a surface since they do not have ducts

Which one of the 2 glands is most commonly found in the endocrine system?

Most glands of the endocrine system are endocrine glands.

List examples of Endocrine Glands

pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

What are mixed glands of the endocrine system?

glands that secrete hormones and exocrine products

List examples of Mixed Glands (both endocrine & exocrine)

Pancreas, testes and ovaries

 

What is the largest endocrine organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

pancreas

What is the endocrine organ that has both neuro and endocrine functions?

hypothalamus

What gland is referred to as the Master Gland of the endocrine system?

anterior pituitary gland

What gland is referred to as the major metabolic gland?

thyroid gland

What are the 3 types of Chemical Messengers in the Endocrine system?

hormones, paracrines, & autocrines

What are Paracrines?

Chemical Messengers that act on other cells within the same tissue.

List 3 major processes controlled by Hormones?

A. Growth & development

b. Maintaining electrolyte balance

c. Regulating cellular metabolism

List the 3 types of stimuli needed for hormonal synthesis and release, explain each:

A. Humoral- changing of blood levels of a substance                       

B. Neural-Nerve fiber stimulation                 

C. Hormonal- Hormones (tropic hormones) stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones

Which type of stimulus is the most common stimulus causing endocrine glands to go into action and release their hormones?

Hormonal stimulus

What 2 Endocrine organ/glands are always involved in Hormonal Stimulation?

A. Hypothalamus                       

B. Anterior Pituitary Gland

What is the most common Feedback mechanism used by the endocrine system?

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete their hormones. Also referred to as TROPINS.

What are Tropic hormones? What is another name for it?

Negative Feedback mechanism

Hormone-sensitive cells that hormones act at are referred to as?

Target cells

What do chemical mediators of the endocrine system bind to on the Target cells in order to start a change in the cells?

Receptors

What needs to be present in order for a specific tissue or organ to respond to a hormone?

Appropriate RECEPTORS on the cells of the target tissue or organ must be present.

What is down-regulation phenomena?

Prolonged excessive exposure to high concentration of hormones causes target cells to lose receptors in response to the hormones, thus down-regulation.

What are the 2 different chemical structures hormones may be made of?

A. Amino Acid based (Water-soluble)           

B. Steroids (Lipid-soluble)

What is the difference between Water-soluble (amino acid based) and Lipid-soluble (steroid) hormones?

Water-soluble hormones cannot enter Target cells, thus bind to Receptors in the plasma membrane of Target cells and require a 2nd messenger system inside the cell. Steroid hormones can cross the Plasma membrane since they are Lipid-soluble, thus bind to a Receptor inside the Target cell.

How do protein or amino-acid based hormones exert their effects?

Through intracellular second messengers

What 2 functions does the Hypothalamus have?

A. Neural                     B. endocrine

What do we call the Hypothalamus based on these two functions?

Neuroendocrine Organ

List 3 functions associated with the Hypothalamus:

A. Control of temperature     

B. control of thirst      

C. control of Endocrine activity

What type of Hormones does the Hypothalamus produce and which Gland does it have a direct effect on?

A. Produce: STEERING HORMONES               

B. Anterior Pituitary Gland

Name the 2 Steering Hormones released by the Hypothalamus:

1-    A. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRT)   

B. Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Which Steering Hormone released by the Hypothalamus causes the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) by the Anterior pituitary gland?

Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone (TRH)

Which Steering Hormone released by the Hypothalamus causes the release of Adrenocorticotropin Hormone (ACTH) by the Anterior pituitary gland?

Corticotropin-releasing Hormone (CRH)

What endocrine gland is located in the epithalamus that is responsible for our day/night cycle? What hormone does it release?

A. Pineal gland           

B. Melatonin

Does the posterior pituitary gland produce or store hormones?

Store and release. NOT produce

What is another name for the Pituitary Gland?

Hypophysis

What 2 hormones is the posterior pituitary gland responsible for storing and releasing?

A. Oxytocin                

B. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which Posterior Pituitary hormone is responsible for Water Balance in the body?

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

What is the role of Oxytocin during pregnancy? What organ does it have an effect on?

Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the uterine during childbirth. The Uterus!

Does Oxytocin play a role in milk release? How?

Yes. It causes milk Ejection after labor

What is the role of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

Promotes WATER Retention by the Kidneys. (Water Balance)

Which hormone does Alcohol inhibit the secretion?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

What hormone is in charge of water balance in the body? What organ releases this hormone?

A. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)     

B. Posterior pituitary gland

What is the Anterior Pituitary gland referred to as in the Endocrine system?

The Master Gland.

List the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary? List which are tropic hormones (act on other endocrine glands)

A. Adrenocorticotropic hormone- Tropic hormone                                                               

B. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- Tropic hormone                                                        

C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)- Tropic hormone                                                            

D.Prolactin                                                                                              E. Growth hormone                                                                      

F. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)- Tropic hormone

Which 2 Anterior Pituitary hormones act on Non-endocrine tissue?

A. Prolactin                            

B. Growth Hormone

Which 2 Anterior Pituitary hormones are the Gonadotropins?

A. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)                      

B. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

What gland does Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulate? What part of the Organ? What Hormone will it stimulate?

Gland: Adrenal Gland            

Part: Adrenal Cortex              

Hormone: Corticosteriods

The Antidiuretic hormone is released by the Anterior pituitary gland. True or false?

False. It is released by the posterior pituitary gland

 

Which hormone is released towards the end of pregnancy and stimulates Milk production?

Prolactin released by the Anterior Pituitary gland

What non-endocrine tissue does Prolactin have an effect on?

Mammary glands (breast tissue)

Name the hormone that targets breast tissue and stimulates milk production during pregnancy? What gland is it secreted from?

A. Prolactin                

B. Anterior pituitary gland

Name the hormone that stimulates bone growth, skeletal muscle tissue and protein synthesis?

Growth hormone

What does growth hormone stimulate?

A. Growth of long bone                     

B. skeletal muscle tissue growth                               

C. Protein synthesis

What condition occurs due to Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone after long bone growth has ended?

Acromegaly

What are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Glands? What is each part responsible for producing?

A. Adrenal Cortex, produce Mineralocorticoids & Glucocorticoids                                     

B. Adrenal Medulla, secrete epinephrine & norepinephrine

What is the most important Mineralocorticoid?

Aldosterone.

Where is Mineralocorticold produced & released from?

Released by Adrenal Cortex

What is the most important Glucocorticoid?

Cortisol.

Where is Glucocorticoid produced & released from?

Released by Adrenal Cortex

What is the main role of Aldosterone?

Regulates electrolyte balance

What class of Hormones produced in the Adrenal Cortex plays an important role in Electrolyte balance?

Mineralocortocoids

What is the most important cation outside the cell?

Na+

What is the most important cation inside the cell?

K+

Cortisol is to Glucocorticoids as what is to Mineralocorticoids?

Aldosterone

What Hormone from the Anterior Pituitary stimulates the release of Corticosteriods by the Adrenal Cortex?

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

What are 3 main functions of Glucocorticoids?

A. Help resist long-term stress                      

B. Suppress inflammation                              

C. Increase blood glucose levels

Glucocorticoids help us manage stress by doing what?

Glucocorticoids increase blood glucose, fatty acid & amino acid levels and increase blood pressure.

What system does higher doses of Glucocorticoids depress?

Immune system

What reaction is the Adrenal Medulla responsible for?

Flight of fight reaction

What hormones does the Adrenal medulla release?

Epinephrine & norepinephrine

What role does epinephrine have in the Nervous system?

It is a Neurotransmitter

What are the 2 main hormones responsible for bone remodeling? What glands secrete them?

A. Calcitonin, Thyroid gland              

B. parathyroid hormone, Parathyroid gland

Osteoclasts are stimulated by what hormone?

Parathyroid hormone

Osteoblasts are stimulated by what hormone?

Calcitonin

Low Ca+ blood levels will cause what Hormone to be released?

Parathyroid Hormone

High (elevated) Ca+ levels in blood will cause what Hormone to be released?

Calcitonin

Levels of what mineral in the blood is regulated by Calcitonin & parathyroid hormones?

Blood calcium levels

Calcitonin is released in response to (high or low) blood levels of Calcium?

high

What bone cells does Calcitonin stimulate? What does this bone cell do in the bone? How does it regulate blood Ca+ levels?

A. Osteobalsts            

B. Make bone             

C. Stimulates Ca+ uptake from blood into the bone matrix

Parathyroid hormone is released in response to (high or low) blood Ca+ levels?

low

What bone cells does the parathyroid gland stimulate? What does this cell do in the bone and how does it regulate blood Ca+ levels?

A. Osteoclasts            

B. Breakdown bone tissue     

C. release Ca+ from bone into the blood

Which hormone is the single most important hormone regulating blood calcium levels (homeostasis of blood Ca+)? Where is it released from?

Parathyroid hormone is the single most important hormone regulating blood calcium levels. It is released from the parathyroid gland

Is Parathyroid Hormone release inhibited by (high or low) Ca+ in blood?

By High Ca+ levels

What can be said about the relationship between Calcitonin and Parathyroid Hormone?

They are antagonists to each other

Where is the Parathyroid Gland located?

Posterior part of the Thyroid Gland

What is the body’s major metabolic gland? What is the major metabolic Hormone?

Gland: Thyroid                       

Hormone: Thyroid Hormone

What is the Thyroid gland primarily responsible for?

Body Metabolism

What is the main hormone released by the thyroid gland?

Thyroid hormone

What is an important element for production of Thyroxine?

Iodine

What are some of the symptoms of an Overactive (Hypersecretion) of Thyroid Gland? What is the name of this disease in adults?

Hyperexcitability, sweating, weight loss, high heart rate      Disease: Graves’ Disease

Lack of thyroid hormone (hyposecretion) in children results in what syndrome?

Cretinism

What are the primary sex organs that produce most of the sex hormones?

Gonads

How do steroid hormones exert their action on the target cell?

By entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering gene expression

What do Adipocytes secrete?

Leptin

What organ that regulates blood sugar levels?

Pancreas

What gland releases insulin and glucagon? What specific cells?

Organ: Pancreas                    

Cells: Beta cells release Insulin          

Cells: Alpha cells release Glucagon

Name 2 antagonist hormones of the pancreas?

Insulin and Glucagon are antagonists to each other

High blood sugar causes release of what Hormone?

insulin

Low blood sugar causes release of what hormone?

glucagon