Life 103 Exam 3 Study Guide - Chapter 27: Animal Diversity, Chapter 28: Vertebrates, Chapter 32: Animal Bodies

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Life 103 Exam 3 Study Guide, including animal diversity, vertebrates, and the levels of organismal structure from cells to organ systems.

What are the levels of organization in multicellular animals?

Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism.

What are the three embryonic tissue layers and their derivatives?

Ectoderm → skin and nervous system; Mesoderm → muscles, skeleton, circulatory system; Endoderm → digestive and respiratory tract.

What are the four primary tissue types?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nerve.

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

Protection, absorption, secretion, transport, and excretion.

What types of epithelial tissue are defined by their shape?

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Pseudostratified.

What distinguishes simple epithelial tissue from stratified epithelial tissue?

Simple has one cell layer thick, while stratified has multiple layers.

What are the functions of connective tissue?

To bind, support, and protect structures.

What are the components of connective tissue?

Cells suspended in extracellular matrix.

What is the matrix in connective tissue composed of?

Ground substance and protein fibers (collagen, elastin, etc.).

How does muscle tissue function?

Contraction for movement.

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth.

What is the sliding filament model?

A model explaining muscle contraction where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other.

What roles do Ca²⁺ and Troponin/Tropomyosin play in muscle contraction?

They regulate the exposure of binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments.

What are the major types of cells in nervous tissue?

Neurons and Neuroglia (glial cells).

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

To increase the conduction speed of electrical impulses along axons.

What are the components and functions of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

Brain and spinal cord; processes and integrates information.

What occurs during depolarization in action potential?

Na⁺ channels open, allowing Na⁺ to rush into the cell.

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse?

Acetylcholinesterase.

What are the functions of the major tissue types?

Epithelial: protection, absorption; Connective: support, binding; Muscle: movement; Nervous: communication, coordination.