Causation and Hypothesis Testing Concepts

These flashcards cover essential vocabulary related to causation, hypothesis testing, and statistical inference.

Causality

The relationship between cause and effect; understanding causal associations in epidemiology.

Statistical Inference

Drawing conclusions about a population based on information from a sample using probability.

Null Hypothesis (H0)

The status quo or currently accepted claim typically set at no association.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

The new claim or research hypothesis that there is an association.

Alpha (α)

The level of significance, typically set at 0.05, which defines the critical region for rejecting the null hypothesis.

p Value

The probability that an observed effect could have occurred by chance alone under the null hypothesis; a small p value indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis.

Confidence Interval (C)

The likelihood that a sample mean falls within a certain range, usually expressed at 95%.

Critical Value

The threshold value that determines whether to reject the null hypothesis.

Chance, Bias, and Confounding

Factors that can influence the measures of association in statistical studies.

Sample

A smaller group selected from a population for study, providing insights that can be generalized to the larger group.