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Devshirme
a system developed by the Ottoman Empire which took non-Muslim children as an alternative tax to have them trained as Janissaries (soldiers trained to protect and serve the sultan) or to serve in the government
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people’s consent
Gunpowder Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires- all developed through strong military force utilizing gunpowder borrowed from China via the Silk Road and the Mongols
Mughal Empire (1526-1857)
Muslim state(1526-1857) excercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; one of the gunpowder empires
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911)
Def: Nomadic people from north of the Great Wall who invaded China and established a dynasty, claiming the "Mandate of Heaven" and adopting the Confucian belief and political administration system
Ottoman Empire (1453-1922)
Mahor Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa, one of the gunpowder empires
Safavid Empire (1502-1736)
Turkish-ruled Iranian Kingdom(1502-1722) who declared Iran a Shi’ite state; one of the gunpowder empires
Salaried Samurai
Def: Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, the importance of these individuals who reported only to their daimyo declined so they took paid jobs as bureaucrats within the government of the shogunate
Sikhism
Def: a syncretic belief system founded by Guru Nanak in the early 1500s in South Asia which blends elements of Hinduism and Islam into a single faith
Songhai Empire
Located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries, At its peak, it was one of the largest African empires in history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite
Vizier
A high official in some Muslim countries, especially in Turkey under the Ottoman rule
Zamindar
Def: this group was the noble ruling class under the Mughals, with most being former Indian princes whose sovereignty became limited and ultimately lost under British rule.
Boyars
Def: traditional Russian landholding aristocrats
Caravel
Def: small oceangoing ships invented by the Portuguese in the 15th century which allowed them access to coastal waters and to explore upriver
Carrack
Def: an innovative large merchant ship operating in European waters that was the model for the galleons used by the Spanish to haul new world wealth to Europe while defending themselves with cannons
Colombian Exchange
Def: this system was the global exchange between the New and Old Worlds of plants, food, animals, people and diseases
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
Encomienda System
Def: a labor system that forced Native Americans to labor on land, typically originally given to conquistadors, as a cheap labor source
Fluyt
Dutch-built cargo ship which facilitated the growth of Dutch maritime trade
Hacienda System
Def: large mostly self-sufficient profit-making estates (primarily agricultural plantations)
Joint-Stock Company
Def: a profitable commercial venture that enabled exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment (i.e. the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company)
Lateen Sail
Def: Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind
Maroon Societies
Def: from SE USA to Brazil, groups of runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities, raided plantations for supplies, and used guerrilla warfare to defend themselves from slave owners and bounty hunters
Mercantilism
Def: a new economic theory adopted by many Western European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance- whereby a country exports more than it imports - in an effort to accumulate the most bullion (precious metals such as gold and silver)
Ming China and Dynasty
saw the restoration of Confucian traditions after Mongol rule, as well as increased economic exchange outside of China and extensive overseas trade through the journeys of Zheng He
Mit'a System
Def: economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; primarily used in the silver mines in South America
Omani Merchants
participated in trade on the Indian Ocean; conflict with Europeans who moved in, made treaty w/British
Plantation Economy
Def: economic system stretching between the Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates
Trading Post Empire
Def: began by the Portuguese who implemented control over trade routes from West Africa to East Asia by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites and buy safe-conduct passes to trade on the routes
Pueblo Revolt
was an uprising of most of the indigenous people against the Spanish colonizers in the province and was a successful uprising
Silver Trade
The discovery of rich silver deposits in Bolivia and Japan created new sources of wealth for the Europeans, through its trade established the first link between Asia and the Americas. Much silver ended up in China. Labor intensive, contributed to Habsburg Empire growth via wealth, and it was a global trade.
Timars
"landed estates" or land grants given to ottoman ruling class(Sultans) of the Ottoman Empire for loyalty and services to the sultan. Ownership returned to the sultan upon death. This prevented families from taking roots, lack of hereditary.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Def: the unification of Japan in the 1500s under a military government led by the shogun (who had more power than the symbolic emperor he "reported" to) which brought nearly 300 years of peace and stability to the nation while decreasing the power of the landholders and the samurai warriors
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies(involved the transportation by slave traders), Africa and England. Provided labor on colonial plantations.