WHAP Unit 3 & 4 Vocab

Devshirme

a system developed by the Ottoman Empire which took non-Muslim children as an alternative tax to have them trained as Janissaries (soldiers trained to protect and serve the sultan) or to serve in the government

Divine Right of Kings

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people’s consent

Gunpowder Empires

The Ottoman, Safavid, and the Mughal Empires- all developed through strong military force utilizing gunpowder borrowed from China via the Silk Road and the Mongols

Mughal Empire (1526-1857)

Muslim state(1526-1857) excercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; one of the gunpowder empires

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911)

Def: Nomadic people from north of the Great Wall who invaded China and established a dynasty, claiming the "Mandate of Heaven" and adopting the Confucian belief and political administration system

Ottoman Empire (1453-1922)

Mahor Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa, one of the gunpowder empires

Safavid Empire (1502-1736)

Turkish-ruled Iranian Kingdom(1502-1722) who declared Iran a Shi’ite state; one of the gunpowder empires

Salaried Samurai

Def: Under the Tokugawa Shogunate, the importance of these individuals who reported only to their daimyo declined so they took paid jobs as bureaucrats within the government of the shogunate

Sikhism

Def: a syncretic belief system founded by Guru Nanak in the early 1500s in South Asia which blends elements of Hinduism and Islam into a single faith

Songhai Empire

Located in the western part of the Sahel during the 15th and 16th centuries, At its peak, it was one of the largest African empires in history. The state is known by its historiographical name, derived from its largest ethnic group and ruling elite

Vizier

A high official in some Muslim countries, especially in Turkey under the Ottoman rule

Zamindar

Def: this group was the noble ruling class under the Mughals, with most being former Indian princes whose sovereignty became limited and ultimately lost under British rule.

Boyars

Def: traditional Russian landholding aristocrats

Caravel

Def: small oceangoing ships invented by the Portuguese in the 15th century which allowed them access to coastal waters and to explore upriver

Carrack

Def: an innovative large merchant ship operating in European waters that was the model for the galleons used by the Spanish to haul new world wealth to Europe while defending themselves with cannons

Colombian Exchange

Def: this system was the global exchange between the New and Old Worlds of plants, food, animals, people and diseases

Dutch East India Company

Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.

Encomienda System

Def: a labor system that forced Native Americans to labor on land, typically originally given to conquistadors, as a cheap labor source

Fluyt

Dutch-built cargo ship which facilitated the growth of Dutch maritime trade

Hacienda System

Def: large mostly self-sufficient profit-making estates (primarily agricultural plantations)

Joint-Stock Company

Def: a profitable commercial venture that enabled exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment (i.e. the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company)

Lateen Sail

Def: Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind

Maroon Societies

Def: from SE USA to Brazil, groups of runaway slaves who gathered in mountainous, forested, or swampy areas and formed their own self-governing communities, raided plantations for supplies, and used guerrilla warfare to defend themselves from slave owners and bounty hunters

Mercantilism

Def: a new economic theory adopted by many Western European nations with the goal of maintaining a favorable trade balance- whereby a country exports more than it imports - in an effort to accumulate the most bullion (precious metals such as gold and silver)

Ming China and Dynasty

saw the restoration of Confucian traditions after Mongol rule, as well as increased economic exchange outside of China and extensive overseas trade through the journeys of Zheng He

Mit'a System

Def: economic system in Incan society where people paid taxes with their labor and what they produced; primarily used in the silver mines in South America

Omani Merchants

participated in trade on the Indian Ocean; conflict with Europeans who moved in, made treaty w/British

Plantation Economy

Def: economic system stretching between the Chesapeake Bay and Brazil that produced crops, especially sugar, cotton, and tobacco, using slave labor on large estates

Trading Post Empire

Def: began by the Portuguese who implemented control over trade routes from West Africa to East Asia by forcing merchant vessels to pay duties at fortified trading sites and buy safe-conduct passes to trade on the routes

Pueblo Revolt

was an uprising of most of the indigenous people against the Spanish colonizers in the province and was a successful uprising

Silver Trade

The discovery of rich silver deposits in Bolivia and Japan created new sources of wealth for the Europeans, through its trade established the first link between Asia and the Americas. Much silver ended up in China. Labor intensive, contributed to Habsburg Empire growth via wealth, and it was a global trade.

Timars

"landed estates" or land grants given to ottoman ruling class(Sultans) of the Ottoman Empire for loyalty and services to the sultan. Ownership returned to the sultan upon death. This prevented families from taking roots, lack of hereditary.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Def: the unification of Japan in the 1500s under a military government led by the shogun (who had more power than the symbolic emperor he "reported" to) which brought nearly 300 years of peace and stability to the nation while decreasing the power of the landholders and the samurai warriors

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

A trading system in which goods and humans moved between the colonies(involved the transportation by slave traders), Africa and England. Provided labor on colonial plantations.