Organic Chemistry: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amines

These flashcards cover key terms and definitions related to organic chemistry, including aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and their reactions.

Aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain.

Ketone

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located in the middle of a carbon chain.

Carbonyl group

A functional group with the structure C=O, where a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Acetal

A molecule formed from the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with two alcohol molecules.

Hemiacetal

A molecule formed when one alcohol molecule reacts with an aldehyde or ketone.

Oxidation

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state.

Reduction

A chemical reaction that involves the gain of electrons or a decrease in oxidation state.

Carboxylic acid

An organic compound characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group (-COOH).

Ester

An organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, characterized by the functional group -COOR.

Amine

An organic molecule that contains a nitrogen atom, which can be primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon groups attached.

Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction involving the breaking of a bond in a molecule with the addition of water.

Saponification

The reaction of an ester with a strong base to produce soap (fatty acid salt) and alcohol.

Neurotransmitter

Biologically synthesized amines that transmit messages regarding movement and mood in the nervous system.

Primary amine

An amine with two hydrogen atoms bonded to the nitrogen and one carbon group.

Secondary amine

An amine with one hydrogen atom bonded to nitrogen and two carbon groups.

Tertiary amine

An amine with three carbon groups bonded to nitrogen and no hydrogen atoms.

Alkaloids

Naturally occurring amines that produce physiological responses upon ingestion.