Social and Emotional Development

Self-concept

Thoughts and attitudes about oneself.

I self

Self as knower and actor.

Me self

Self as object of evaluation.

Material me

Self defined by possessions and attributes.

Social me

Self perceived through social interactions.

Spiritual me

Enduring and intimate part of the self.

Self-regulation

Control of behaviors through self-concept.

Self-concept development

Evolution of self-perception over time.

Infancy self-concept

Gaze as the first self-awareness indicator.

Toddlerhood self-concept

Use of pronouns and body control.

Early childhood self-concept

Observable traits and unrealistic optimism.

Middle childhood self-concept

Realistic abilities and social comparisons.

Late childhood self-concept

Incorporates others' perceptions and values.

Early adolescence self-concept

Conflicting abstract descriptors of self.

Late adolescence self-concept

Integrated and complex understanding of self.

Social Learning Theory

Self-concept develops with social cognition.

Bobo Doll Experiment

Study on aggression and imitation in children.

Role-taking

Understanding another's perspective and feelings.

Holly's story

Example of role-taking in a child's experience.

Learning aggression

Acquisition of behaviors through observation.

Applications of Social Learning Theory

Observational learning applies beyond aggression.

Complex sense of self

Develops in late adolescence through integration.

Self-expression

How individuals convey their self-identity.

Stage 0

Egocentric perspective, ages 3-6, limited recognition.

Stage 1

Subjective perspective, ages 6-8, based on differing information.

Stage 2

Self-reflective perspective, ages 8-10, recognizes motivations.

Stage 3

Mutual perspective, ages 10-12, understands others as spectators.

Stage 4

Societal perspective, ages 12+, compares self to generalized others.

Friendship

Voluntary relationship requiring effort and trust.

Supportive Friendship

Provides comfort and celebrates successes together.

Reinforcing Friendship

Can enhance positive or negative traits in individuals.

Mutual Friendship

Both individuals benefit from the relationship equally.

Dynamic System of Friendship

Friendships evolve and change over time.

Family vs. Friends

Debate on which context is more influential.

Oliver James' View

Family is crucial for overall development.

Judith Rich Harris' View

Peers and friends are key for development.

Status-Matched Friendship

Friends share similar developmental stages, especially in childhood.

Close Friendship

Involves trust and sharing of personal information.

Non-Familial Friendship

Voluntary relationship distinct from family ties.

Equal Power Dynamic

Friendships have balanced power, unlike parent-child relationships.

Transactional Friendship

Involves mutual benefits and exchanges.

Developmental Sequence

Role-taking abilities develop alongside self-concept growth.

Social Skills Development

Friendships shape cognitive, emotional, and social abilities.

Friendship Benefits

Friendships contribute positively to well-being and development.

Dynamic Systems

Interconnected elements undergoing developmental changes.

Friendship System

Comprises elements contributing uniquely to relationships.

Rubin's Model

Depicts nested levels of peer relationship complexity.

Friendship Complexity

Closer relationships are less complex in structure.

System Change

Any element change affects the entire system.

Social Exchanges

Interactions that can support or hinder friendships.

Friendship Variability

Friendships differ in closeness, frequency, and duration.

Spontaneous Friendships

Formed through shared interests or structured settings.

Cognitive Skill Development

Friendships foster creativity and constructive feedback.

Social Constructivist Learning

Children learn through conversation and social interaction.

Emotional Support

Buffers against negative experiences and validates feelings.

Validation of Worth

Friends affirm each other's beliefs and feelings.

Pro-social Behaviors

Practiced through friendships, aiding social skill development.

Pretend Play

Younger children use play for social skill practice.

Conflict Resolution Skills

Developed through gossip and arguments in older children.

Friendship Support

Provides emotional reinforcement during adolescence.

Orphaned Peer Group

Showed attachment and emotional support post-WW2.

Wicked Side of Friendship

Can lead to aggression, bullying, and deviance.

Family as a Dynamic System

Family relationships also function as interconnected systems.

Caregiver-Child Attachment

Enduring emotional bond between caregiver and infant.

Sibling Relationships

Influential dynamics within family systems.

Bioecological Model

Framework for understanding development within family context.

Jealousy in Friendships

Can arise from unequal development among friends.

Friendship Tension

Developmental tasks can reinforce or strain friendships.

Attachment Theory

Framework explaining emotional bonds between caregivers and children.

Ethological Approach

Focus on biological basis of attachment behaviors.

Psychodynamic Approach

Emphasizes unconscious processes in attachment formation.

Short-term Consequences

Immediate benefits of attachment include survival and security.

Long-term Consequences

Influences future relationship expectations and behaviors.

Secure Attachment

Healthy attachment characterized by trust and comfort.

Anxious-resistant Attachment

Inconsistent caregiver response leads to clinginess and anxiety.

Anxious-Avoidant Attachment

Caregiver rejection results in emotional distance from others.

Disorganized Attachment

Lack of clear attachment behavior due to caregiver unpredictability.

Prototype Model

Attachment patterns are relatively fixed from infancy.

Revisionist Model

Attachment patterns can change with meaningful adult relationships.

Sibling Rivalry

Normal competition among siblings important for social learning.

Sibling Conflict

Frequent disagreements that can teach conflict resolution skills.

Sibling Coalition

Supportive relationships between siblings enhancing development.

Microsystem

Immediate environment including family and sibling interactions.

Mesosystem

Connections between different microsystems like family and daycare.

Exosystem

External environments affecting the family, such as parents' work.

Macrosystem

Broader societal influences like culture and laws.

Chronosystem

Historical context affecting development over time.

Dynamic System Approach

Changing relationships influence child development within the family.

Bioecological Approach

Family nested within various systems impacting development.

Neural responses

Biological reactions like endorphin and adrenaline release.

Cognitions

Thought processes associated with emotional experiences.

Emotional expressions

Visible displays of feelings through behavior.

Desire to take action

Motivation stemming from emotional experiences.

Subjective feelings

Personal emotional experiences vary between individuals.

Discrete models

Emotions are distinct and unchanging categories.

Functionalist models

Emotions drive interactions with the environment.

Cognitive models

Emotions develop through cognitive appraisal processes.

Dynamic models

Emotions interact and influence each other.

Antecedent

An event that triggers an emotional response.

Primary appraisal

Initial evaluation of an event's significance.