European Political Stability, Nationalism, and Romanticism in the 19th Century

Congress of Vienna

A meeting of European powers aimed at restoring order and stability after the Napoleonic Wars.

Metternich

The leading figure at the Congress of Vienna who sought to reverse the trends of the French Revolution.

Talleyrand

The representative of defeated France at the Congress of Vienna who secured a favorable settlement for France.

Balance of Power

A principle aimed at preventing any nation from becoming too strong and threatening European security.

Quadruple Alliance

An agreement signed in November 1815 by Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain to maintain the Vienna settlements.

Quintuple Alliance

The alliance formed when France was admitted to the Quadruple Alliance in 1818.

Concert of Europe

The international cooperation established by the Quadruple Alliance to maintain peace in Europe.

Restoration of Legitimate Rulers

The process of reinstating rulers who had been ousted by Napoleon.

Grants of Compensation

Territory awarded to victors of the Napoleonic Wars and nations that lost territory in the encirclement of France.

Buffer States

Strong powers established around France to prevent further French aggression.

Final Settlement at Vienna

The conclusion of peace negotiations at the Congress of Vienna after Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emerged from Napoleon's conquests, emphasizing national identity and unity.

Liberalism

A political philosophy that gained traction in Europe due to the revolutionary ideas spread by France.

Napoleon's Conquests

Military campaigns that disrupted existing national boundaries and overthrew ruling families across Europe.

Challenges to the Concert of Europe

Obstacles faced by the alliance system in maintaining stability and addressing revolutionary movements.

Colonial Revolts in Latin America

Uprisings that had significant impacts on European politics and the balance of power.

Czar Alexander I

The Russian leader who played a significant role in the Congress of Vienna.

Lord Castlereagh

The British foreign minister who was a key negotiator at the Congress of Vienna.

Political Stability

The goal of the Congress of Vienna to reestablish order among European nations.

Redrawing the Map of Europe

The process undertaken by the Congress of Vienna to adjust national boundaries with little regard for national interests.

Revolutionary Ideas

Concepts that spread from France, challenging the existing political order in Europe.

Defeated France

The nation that was treated leniently at the Congress of Vienna to prevent future conflicts.

Social Occasion of the Congress

The Congress of Vienna was characterized by glittering social events and informal negotiations.

Ferdinand VII

King of Spain reinstated after the defeat of Napoleon.

Spanish Revolt

A demand by the Spanish people in 1820 for the restoration of the constitution.

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

Italian kingdom where the people forced the king to grant a constitution.

Monroe Doctrine

A warning by U.S. president James Monroe that any attempt to establish colonies in the Western Hemisphere would be considered an act of aggression.

Treaty of Adrianople

The treaty that recognized Greek independence in 1829.

Simón Bolívar

Leader known as 'the Liberator' who fought for freedom in northern South America.

José de San Martín

Leader who freed Chile and Peru from Spanish domination.

Dom Pedro

Son of the Portuguese king who declared Brazil independent and became its emperor.

Caudillos

Military leaders who seized power and established dictatorships in Latin America after independence.

Porfirio Diaz

Elected president of Mexico in 1876 who eventually became a dictator.

Mexican Revolution

The revolt in 1910 against Diaz's regime that began as localized rebellions.

Peninsulares

Spaniards born and raised in Spain who held civil positions in Spanish colonies.

Criollos

Spaniards born in the New World who were dissatisfied with the peninsulares' control.

Mestizos

People of mixed Spanish and Indian blood in Latin America.

Black Hispanics

Individuals of African descent in Latin America who were held in low esteem.

Brazilian Independence

A more peaceful transition to independence led by Dom Pedro.

Localized Rebellions

Resistance against Diaz's regime that began in various regions of Mexico.

Frequent Government Changes

The pattern of military dictators being overthrown and replaced in Latin American countries after independence.

Political Instability

Unlike the United States, the Latin American colonies did not form one nation after gaining their independence.

Economic Weakness

During the nineteenth century, Latin America had virtually no industry. In most Latin American countries, the economy was built around only a few products, such as bananas, coffee, rubber, or wood.

European and U.S. Involvement

Political and economic problems within the Latin American countries prompted European nations to interfere in their domestic affairs. The United States assumed a greater responsibility for policing Latin American affairs.

Grand Alliance

List the four major powers of the Grand Alliance that defeated Napoleon: Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia.

Congress of Vienna Goals

List three goals of the Congress of Vienna: establish safeguards against France; restore legitimate rulers; provide grants of compensation; restore/maintain a balance of power in Europe.

Colonial Revolts

Colonial revolts in Latin America threatened the European alliance system. Britain and the United States prevented Spain and other European nations from sending troops to restore Latin American colonies to the Spanish monarchy.

European Challenge

European states suppressed the revolts in Spain and Italy. They were unable to prevent the revolt of Latin American colonies. They were unsuccessful in restoring the Latin American colonies to Spanish control.

Influence of Colonial Revolts

Colonial revolts led to the development of nation-states from the former Spanish colonies. Latin American countries that fell under the control of military leaders tended to be unstable, and the citizens suffered under totalitarian rulers.

Struggle for Democracy

The struggle for democracy in many of these countries continued into the twentieth century.

Conservatism

Conservative leaders supported absolute monarchies, the aristocracy, and Roman Catholicism.

Louis XVIII

When Louis XVIII (r. 1814-24) ascended the throne of France following the defeat of Napoleon, he accepted many of the reforms that had come out of the French Revolution.

Charles X

The reactionary policies of the new king, Charles X (r. 1824-30), brought things to a boiling point.

July Revolution

In July 1830, the people of Paris rose in rebellion in what is called the July Revolution.

Duke of Orléans

The French produced a more liberal constitution and chose the Duke of Orléans, Louis Philippe (r. 1830-48), to serve as their king.

Brussels Riots

News of the July Revolution soon ignited a series of revolts throughout Europe. When news of the July Revolution reached the city of Brussels, rioting erupted.

Treaty of London

Recognized the independence of Belgium.

Second French Republic

Established after Louis Philippe refused to listen to demands for reform, leading to rioting in Paris.

Universal manhood suffrage

Established by the new French constitution, allowing all men to vote.

Louis Napoleon

Won the presidency of the Second Republic by an overwhelming majority and later proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III.

Coup d'état

Staged by Louis Napoleon in 1852 to proclaim himself Emperor.

Franz Josef I

Austrian emperor who succeeded Ferdinand I and crushed nationalist revolts.

Czar Nicholas I

Instituted a policy of 'Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationalism' to suppress uprisings.

Russification

Policy aimed at uniting diverse national groups within Nicholas I's territory around Russian culture and traditions.

Failure of the Revolts

Most revolts across Europe ended in failure due to internal quarreling among revolutionaries.

Motivations for Revolts

Included suppression of guaranteed freedoms, desire for separate national identity, and threats to justice and power.

Effective Leadership

Contributed to the success of some revolts during this period.

Ineffective Leadership

Led to the failure of some revolts due to lack of support from other nations.

Proverbs 28:16

Used to assess Nicholas I's reign, highlighting his oppression of the people.

Belgium

Country that sought a separate national identity from the Netherlands during the revolts.

Italy

Country that revolted during the period, seeking a separate national identity.

German States (Prussia)

Region that experienced revolts during the 1830s and 1848, motivated by nationalism.

Poland

Another European country that revolted during the 1830s and 1848.

Austria

Country where revolts spread in 1848, leading to significant political changes.

Edmund Burke's Conservatism

In Great Britain, Edmund Burke's conservatism respected tradition while pressing for needed reforms.

American Conservatives

American conservatives tend to draw on both Burke and classical liberalism.

Classical Liberalism

Classical liberalism supported reforms that a Christian could have supported, but it tended to view freedom as an ultimate good, whereas the Christian ought to ask, 'Freedom to what end?'

Realpolitik

A politics of necessity known as realpolitik ('the politics of reality'), in which they used whatever means necessary—including force—to advance their national goals.

Risorgimento

The spirit of nationalism was on the rise, fueled by a movement called Risorgimento ('resurgence').

Giuseppe Mazzini

In 1832, Giuseppe Mazzini started a patriotic society called Young Italy, determining to fight, if necessary, for Italian unification.

Count Camillo di Cavour

The man primarily responsible for unifying Italy was Count Camillo di Cavour, the prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A follower of Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi rose to prominence, gathering a band of loyal followers called 'Red Shirts' and invaded the island of Sicily in 1860.

Kingdom of Italy

On March 17, 1861, an Italian parliament officially proclaimed the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanuel II as the first king.

Unification of Italy (1859-70)

By 1870, Venetia and Rome were added to the Italian kingdom while the French were engaged in the Franco-Prussian War.

Florence Nightingale

Established the modern nursing profession through her efforts to help sick and wounded British soldiers during the Crimean War.

Mary Seacole

Became another pioneer of military medicine, saving many lives and winning the appreciation of the soldiers.

Zollverein

Under the leadership of Prussia, the German states established a trade union called the Zollverein.

Count Otto von Bismarck

The architect of political unification in Germany, a loyal Prussian who was both crafty and opportunistic.

Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks' War, erupted in 1866, with the Prussians quickly gaining victory.

Franco-Prussian War

The immediate cause for the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71) was the throne of Spain.

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Proclaimed emperor of the German Reich (empire) in 1871, fulfilling Bismarck's plans for unification.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

The Austrian Empire became the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or Dual Monarchy, ruled by Franz Josef I.

Alexander II

Czar of Russia from 1855-81 who implemented several social reforms, including the abolition of serfdom in 1861.

Alexander III

Czar of Russia from 1881-94 who returned to the harsh policies of Nicholas I.

Otto von Bismarck

The Prussian politician primarily responsible for the unification of Germany.

Hungarians

The nationality within the Austrian Empire that was able to achieve self-government after Austria's military defeat.

Young Italy

A patriotic society founded by Giuseppe Mazzini to promote Italian unification.

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Sardinia promoted as the king of Italy in 1870.

Assassination of Alexander II

Resulted in the return of oppressive rule, contrary to the revolutionaries' hopes.

Romanticism

A movement characterized by powerful feelings unleashed by political revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.