Psych Semester 1 Final

What perspective evaluates how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?

Social-Culture

What term describes John Locke and Frances Bacon's view that knowledge originates from experience?

Empiricism

The young science of psychology developed from what two fields?

Biology, Philosophy

What pragmatic Harvard professor admitted Mary Calkins in 1890 into his class which caused all the other students to drop?

William James

Which Greek philosopher foreshadowed later thinkers who believed nurture shapes us more than nature?

Aristotle

Who tried to measure the "atoms of the mind" which is considered the 1st psychological experiment?

William Wundt

Who rejected the belief of inborn ideas, helped spread the idea that the mind was a blank slate and therefore "all men are created equal" which later was the rationale for American democracy?

John Locke

What term describes the principle that the inherited traits that contribute to survival and reproduction will likely be passed on to future generations?

Natural selection

What academic discipline the meeting ground for different disciplines and is a perfect home for people with wide-ranging interests?

Psychology

What perspective evaluates how we encode, process, store and retrieve information?

Cognitive

Who was the 1st woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology?

Margaret Floy Washburn

During what time period was psychology described as "the science of mental life"? (Consciousness)

Origins to 1920s

What two Greek philosophers believed that the mind was separable from the body and continuing after death (Dualism)?

Socrates, Plato

The quote, "knowledge has modified attitudes, and through them, behavior," illustrates that psychology can transform modern what?

Culture

What modern French scientist believed that the mind was entirely distinct from the body (Dualism)?

Rene Descartes

What term describes an unreliable school of psychology that required people to use introspection to explore the structure of the human mind?

Structuralism

What is less a set of findings than a way of asking and answering questions?

Psychology

What was the name of Charles Darwin's 1859 book?

On the Origin of Species

In what area can psychology deepen our appreciation?

all answers are correct

What is today's definition of psychology?

The science of behavior and mental processes

What phrase describes how the nature-nurture tension dissolves in modern psychology?

Nurture works on what nature endows

What type of integrated approach incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis?

Biopsychosocial approach

What term describes science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base?

Basic research

What branch of psychology is devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits?

Psychometrics

What perspective evaluates how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes?

Evolution

What is the most persistent issue of modern psychology?

Nature verses nurture

What term describes a person who provides psychotherapy and can prescribe drugs to treat psychological disorders?

Psychiatrists

What term describes a school for psychology that focuses on how processes enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish?

Functionalism

What term describes a scientific study that aims to solve practical problems?

Applied research

During what time period was psychology described as "the science of the observable"? (Behaviorism)

1920s to 1960s

What term is also known as the "I knew it all along phenomenon"?

Hindsight bias

What term describes a passion to explore and understand without misleading or being misled?

Curiosity

What term describes awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openness to surprises and new perspectives?

Humility

What term best describes the phrase "to believes with certainty we must begin by doubting?"

Skepticism

Informed by science, what term involves cognition and helps clear the colored lenses of our biases?

Critical thinking

What term prepares us to think smarter and involves curiosity, skepticism, and humility and helps make modern science possible?

Scientific attitude

What imperfect human ability can lead us astray and has been incorrect over and over regarding aging, sleep, and dreams?

Intuition

What term describes a cognitive process that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions?

Critical thinking

What term describes the attitude of feeling free to ask any question, doubt any assertion, seek any evidence, and correct any errors?

Scientific attitude

Our flawed intuition and after-the-fact common sense makes things seem so obvious that we become very what?

Overconfidence

What is one of the oldest research methods and hopes to reveal universal principles, but can be mislead us with atypical people?

Case study

What term describes a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample?

Sampling bias

Respectively, what term describes the whole group one would want to study and what term describes a situation in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating?

Population, random sample

Respectively, what term describes a set of principles that organizes and predicts observations and what term describes a testable prediction?

Theory, hypothesis

What term describes the technique of gathering self-reported attitudes and behaviors of people?

Survey

What term describes a statement of exact procedures used in a research study?

Operational definitions

What term describes observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations?

Naturalistic observation

What term describes the scientific procedures that include making observations, forming theories, and reforming theories in light of new observations?

Scientific method

What is the starting point of any science?

Description

What term describes the duplication of a research study usually with different participants?

Replication

What is the clearest and cleanest way to isolate cause and effect?

Experiment

Respectively, what term describes a statistical measure of how much two factors vary together and therefore predict each other and what term describes a graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables?

Correlation coefficient, scatterplot

Whereas random sampling helps us generalize to a larger population, what term minimizes preexisting differences between individuals by putting them in the experimental or control groups by chance?

Random assignment

What term describes the perception of a relationship where none exists and arises from our eagerness to make sense of random data?

Illusory correlation

What helps restrain the illusions of our flawed intuition, attempts to uncover naturally occurring relationships, and indicates the possibility of a cause-effect relationship, but does not prove causation?

Correlation

Respectively, what term describes a procedure where the participant as well as the research assistant collecting data does not know who is receiving treatment and what term describes the effect a participant might have on a study if they have symptom relief because they think they are receiving treatment?

Double-blind, placebo effect

What term describes the group that contrasts with the experimental group and is psychology's most powerful tool for sorting reality from wishful thinking and for evaluating cause and effect?

Control group

Respectively, what term describes the experimental factor that is being manipulated and what term describes the experimental factor whose outcome is being measured?

Independent variable, dependent variable

Respectively, what term describes an inverse relation of scores on a graphed cluster of dots and what term describes a directly proportional relation of scores on a graphed cluster of dots?

Negative correlation, positive correlation

Which types of circumstances deceive people into thinking that they are related when they are actually not?

Random coincidences

What term describes what researchers use to organize data meaningfully?

Descriptive statistics

Respectively, what term describes a score that most frequently occurs and what term represents the middle score also known as the 50th percentile?

Mode, median

What is the computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score?

Standard deviation

What term represents the arithmetic average?

Mean

What term describes the gap between the lowest and the highest scores?

Range

What term describes a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value? An unsymmetrical distribution possibly

caused by outliers.

Skewed distribution

What term does not indicate the importance of an obtained result but does describe how likely the obtained result occurred by chance?

Statistical significance

What term describes a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data?

Normal curve

Generalizations based on a few unrepresentative cases can have what result?

Unreliability

What is the purpose of using the three measures of "central tendency?"

Generalization

What term describes the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next?

Culture

Researchers each year conduct experiments on approximately 200,000 dogs and cats, however humane animal shelters are forced to kill approximately how many times that many?

50

What type of psychology explores both our cultural differences and the universal similarities that define our human kinship?

Cross-cultural

Psychology does have the potential power to deceive, but its purpose is to what?

Enlighten

Animal protection organizations advocate what type of observation of animals rather than laboratory manipulation?

Naturalistic

The knowledge of physiological and psychological processes of what gives researchers a better understanding of the similar biological processes of humans?

Mice and dogs

Occasionally, researchers temporarily stress or deceive people, but only when they believe it is essential to a justifiable end such as what?

Understanding and controlling violent behavior, studying mood swings

What do researchers aim to test by intentionally creating controlled, artificial environments in the lab?

Theoretical principles

What affects what we study, how we study it, and how we interpret the results?

Value judgements

Despite the fact that men and women are overwhelmingly similar, knowledge of what types of differences can help to prevent conflicts and misunderstandings?

Gender

What is the approximate size of mature egg released by a woman's ovary?

A period

What group of people study physical, mental, and social changes throughout the human life cycle?

Developmental Psychologists

What term describes a fertilized egg?

Zygote

What term describes the phase of prenatal development where the heart begins to beat and the liver begins to make red blood cells?

Embryo

Approximately how many times larger is a woman's mature egg than that of one of the 200 million sperm released by a male?

85,000

Babies are born with that which facilitates their survival and their social interactions with adults?

Sensory equipment

What term describes the developing human organism from two weeks after fertilization through the 2nd month?

Embryo

What term describes the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth?

Fetus

Respectively, what transfers nutrients, oxygen, and harmful agents from the mother to the fetus and what term describes chemicals and viruses that can reach the fetus during prenatal development and cause harm?

Placenta, teratogens

Much of the research of psychology's developmental perspectives center around what major issues?

All answers are correct

Respectively, what term describes how we interpret our schemas in terms of our current understanding and what term describes how we adjust our schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences?

Assimilate, Accommodate

Jean Piaget, who revolutionized our understanding of children's minds and believed our minds develop through a series of stages, assigned what terra to the idea that our mind develops by the building of concepts that organize and interpret information?

Schema

What term describes people's ideas about their own and other's feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict?

Theory of Mind

On the day we are born we have most of the brain cells we will ever have, however at approximately what week do the number of neurons peak in a fetus and then stabilize at 23 billion?

28 Weeks

What term describes a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction?

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Respectively, what term describes the biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior and what term describes the areas associated with thinking, memory, and language and are the last cortical areas to develop?

Maturation, Association Areas

In what two respective stages of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do children represent things with words but lack logical reasoning, while in another stage they can think logically about concrete things?

Preoperational, Concrete Operational

What term describes all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

Cognition

In what two respective stages of Piaget's stages of cognitive development do children experience the world through the senses and experience stranger anxiety while in the other stage they can be abstract?

Sensorimotor, Formal Operational

We have no conscious memories of events occurring before what age, in part because major brain areas have not yet matured?

3.5