AP Human Geography - Cities & Urban Land-Use Patterns & Processes

Unit 6 (12%-17% of MCQ Score)

Site vs Situation Factors 6.1

Characteristics of a place vs. Locations surrounding a place

Price Ceilings 6.1

A government imposed limit on the price of a product or service to reduce the price of that product/service

-Could result in shortages & loss of revenue

Boomburb 6.2

A rapidly growing suburban area that has become a significant urban center

Exurb 6.2

A residential area located beyond the suburbs, often characterized by lower population density

Edge City 6.2

A settlement that has its own economic district and is located on the outskirts of a city/near a major highway

World City 6.2

A city that is connected to other cities around the world through a series of networks

-These cities have significant influence on global politics, economics, & culture

Primate City 6.4

A city that has twice the population of the next largest city

-A Primate City has significant political, economic, & social control over the rest of the country

-Ex. Mexico City

Rank-Size Rule 6.4

A principle stating that the population of a settlement ranked n will be 1/nth of the size of the largest settlement

-USA’s cities are a good example (LA, Chicago, NYC, etc.)

Christaller’s Central Place Theory 6.4

A spatial theory that seeks to explain the spatial distribution & patterns of different cities and towns based on their size

-Central Place (Settlement that provides goods/services to the surrounding area (Hinterland))

-Threshold (Minimum market size needed to support a service)

-Range (The maximum distance people are willing to travel to access a good/service)

Burgess Concentric Model 6.5

Based on 1920s Chicago

1. Central Business District (businesses & services)

2. Zone of Transition (lower income residents & industry)

3. Zone of Independent Workers’ Homes (older, modest homes, those who work in the first two zones live here)

4. Zone of Better Residences (higher quality and larger homes)

5. Commuter Zone (suburban areas for commuters)

Hoyt Sector Model 6.5

1. Central Business District

2. Transportation & Industry

3. Low-Class Residential

4. Middle-Class Residential

5. High-Class Residential

Multiple Nuclei Model 6.5

Multiple CBDs

1. Central Business District

2. Light Manufacturing

3. Low-Class Residential

4. Medium-Class Residential

5. High-Class Residential

6. Heavy Manufacturing

7. Outlying Business District

8. Residential Suburb

9. Industrial Suburb

Galactic Model 6.5

1960s, Post Industrial Model

1. Central City

2. Suburban Residential Area

3. Shopping Mall

4. Industrial District

5. Office Park

6. Service Center

7. Airport Complex

8. Combined Employment and Shopping Center

Latin American City Model 6.5

Resembles Concentric Zone Model

1. Commercial

2. Market

3. Industrial

4. Elite Residential Sector

5. Zone of Maturity

6. Zone of In Situ Accretion

7. Zone of Squatter Settlements

8. Gentrification

9. Middle-Class Residential

Sub-Saharan City Model 6.5

1. Colonial CBD

2. Traditional CBD

3. Market Zone

4. Ethnic Neighborhoods

5. Ethnic and Mixed Neighborhoods

6. Mining and Manufacturing Zone

7. Informal Satellite Townships

Southeast Asian City Model 6.5

No CBD, based around a port instead

-Trading centers during colonialism

-Experienced rapid urbanization

-Differing economic statuses don’t separate residents

Transit-Oriented Development 6.8

A type of urban planning that revolves around planning infrastructure around public transportation

-Reduces dependence on cars

Smart Growth Policies 6.8

Urban planning principles aimed at promoting sustainable, efficient land use that limits urban sprawl and protects farmland

-Creates Greenbelts

Greenbelt 6.8

An area of land set aside for conservation/recreational purposes, traditionally found outside an urban area

New Urbanism 6.8

A planning movement that promotes walkable neighborhoods, mixed-use development, and a sense of community to create sustainable urban environments

De Facto Segregation 6.8

The separation of people along racial, ethnic, or socioeconomic lines not officially enforced by laws or regulations

Gentrification 6.8

The process of renovating, rebuilding, and revitalizing an urban area, resulting in lower-income residents being displaced and affluent residents moving in

Slow-Growth Cities 6.8

Urban areas that promote sustainable growth by limiting new development in the periphery of the city

Growth Boundary 6.8

A boundary that controls urban sprawl by only allowing development to occur inside the boundary

Infill Development 6.8

Using vacant lots and other unused spaces within urban areas to build new structures or enhance existing ones, maximizing land use and minimizing urban sprawl

Brownfields 6.8

Abandoned, underused industrial or commercial sites that may be contaminated but have potential for redevelopment

Redlining 6.10

A discriminatory practice where banks refuse to provide loans to people who live in certain neighborhoods (traditionally minority neighborhoods)

Blockbusting 6.10

A discriminatory practice where real estate agents would scare homeowners into selling their properties at low prices by suggesting that racial minorities were moving into the neighborhood, then sell overpriced homes to those racial minorities

Inclusionary Zones 6.10

Areas where there are local policies or incentives to encourage developers to create affordable housing for low-income families

Eminent Domain 6.10

The ability of the government to claim private property for public use

-Ex. Housing Act of 1949 (federal funds to stop the decline of urban areas)