Exam 1 Review

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53 Terms

1
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What is an element?

The smallest particle of a substance

2
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What do atoms consist of?

Consists mainly of empty space but the units within are every small

3
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What is the basic structure of an atom?

Has a centrally positive charged nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons

4
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Electrons have what kind of charge in an atom?

negative charge

5
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Protons have what kind of charge in an atom?

positive charge

6
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Neurons have what kind of charge in an atom?

no charge

7
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As the number of protons within an atom’s nucleus increases, what happens to the number of electrons?

number of electrons increase

8
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Define electromagnetic radiation.

Radiation that has both electrical and magnetic properties. All radiations that are electromagnetic make up the electromagnetic spectrum.

9
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Define electromagnetic spectrum

a method of ordering the intensities of all radiations

10
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What is the x-ray tube components or parts and what are they made of?

Composed of an anode (+) and a cathode (–) enclosed in a vacuum within a glass envelope surrounded by a lead housing

11
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_____ is one brand of glass manufactured for x-ray tubes

Pyrex

12
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What is the cathode side the source of?

source of electrons

13
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What is he cathode composed of?

Composed of filaments, focusing cup, electrical circuit to cathode (Kilovoltage, milliamperage, and rectifiers)

14
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What is the anode?

target for electrons to hit (becomes photons of energy)

15
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What is an advantage to a smaller focal spot?

films with greater clarity

16
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What is a disadvantage to a smaller focal spot?

it can’t withstand the high heat

17
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What does FFD stand for?

Focal Film Distance

18
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What does SID stand for?

Source Image Distance

19
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Define focal film distance/ source image distance.

distance from the x-ray tube’s focal spot to the image receptor (the film)

20
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What does focal film distance play a crucial role in with radiography?

plays a crucial role in radiographic image quality by influencing magnification, image sharpness, and radiation exposure

21
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T/F x-rays obey the laws of light and diverge from the light source

true

22
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What is the heel effect?

The bevel of the angled anode which redirects the x-rays being produced at the anode

23
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The heel effect becomes more important when a patient:

is thicker on one end of its anatomy than on the other side

24
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T/F Thicker side is placed on the cathode side to take advantage of the greater amount of radiation

true

25
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What is the collimator on the x-ray machine used for?

narrows the X-ray beam to a specific area of interest, improving image quality and reducing patient radiation exposure

26
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How does the collimater work?

works by using lead shutters to absorb X-rays outside the desired field of view, effectively focusing the beam on the area being imaged.

27
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T/F Higher mAs does not mean that the mA’s are more constant

true

28
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What is the inverse square law?

describes how the intensity of certain influences, like light or gravity, decreases as the distance from the source increases

29
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What does the term absorption mean related to radiology?

the process where electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays, loses energy as it passes through matter

30
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What does the term contrast mean related to radiology?

the difference in visibility between different tissues or structures in medical images

31
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What does the term density mean related to radiology?

degree of darkness or blackness on a radiograph (x-ray)

32
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What does the term detail mean related to radiology?

the clarity and sharpness of the anatomical structures visible on a radiograph

33
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define radiology

branch of medicine that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases

34
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define radiologist

a medical doctor specializing in the use of medical imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound, to diagnose and treat various diseases

35
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What is the primary purpose of an aluminum filter in an x-ray tube?

To remove low-energy x-rays that do not contribute to the image quality.

36
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T/F The tungsten filament is part of the anode in an x-ray tube system.

false

37
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What is the fixed anode often adhered to? Why?

Often adhered to a copper filament or plug due to the copper being good at pulling heat off the target

38
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How many REM are in each sievert?

100 REM

39
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What is the advantage of a large focal spot?

used for more intense exposure because it spreads out the heat better

40
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What is a disadvantage of a large focal spot?

Doesn’t give good sharpness/clarity

41
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T/F As the SID is decreased, the intensity of the x-rays is increased.

True

42
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A long FFD is great (what would work best), but you lose the intensity of the x-ray beam. What would you have to do because of this issue?

use a higher heat/exposure settings and take more images

43
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What is the alternating current? How does it affect the x-ray tube?

vibrating back and forth negative and positive flow - affects x-ray tube by not being consistent

44
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T/F If power is transmitted over vast distances, then a source with low current paired with high voltage is less expensive and more efficient

true

45
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How is grid efficacy determined? What is the more common grid size used in vet med?

by the height of the lead strip vs. how far apart they are/frequency

  • 8-1 grid ratio

46
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15-1 more efficient than an 8-1 grid due to lead strips being taller and filters out scatter radiation better. What is a con to this one?

Grid is thicker and takes more power for x-rays to get through

47
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Do grids cause more scatter radiation or reduce it?

reduce it

48
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What does the 40 in Santes’ Law symbolize?

(2X thickness + 40).

Is the SID/FFD

49
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T/F Bone is more dense than air or gas

true

50
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T/F Bone shows up whiter on a screen while gas and air show up black

true

51
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Calipers were used to measure the thickness of a body part. With what equipment do we not need to use these anymore?

digital radiography

52
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What is the spindle of the rotating anode made of?

Molybdenum

53
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What is the target/filament made of?

Tungsten aloids