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What is an element?
The smallest particle of a substance
What do atoms consist of?
Consists mainly of empty space but the units within are every small
What is the basic structure of an atom?
Has a centrally positive charged nucleus containing protons, neutrons, and electrons
Electrons have what kind of charge in an atom?
negative charge
Protons have what kind of charge in an atom?
positive charge
Neurons have what kind of charge in an atom?
no charge
As the number of protons within an atom’s nucleus increases, what happens to the number of electrons?
number of electrons increase
Define electromagnetic radiation.
Radiation that has both electrical and magnetic properties. All radiations that are electromagnetic make up the electromagnetic spectrum.
Define electromagnetic spectrum
a method of ordering the intensities of all radiations
What is the x-ray tube components or parts and what are they made of?
Composed of an anode (+) and a cathode (–) enclosed in a vacuum within a glass envelope surrounded by a lead housing
_____ is one brand of glass manufactured for x-ray tubes
Pyrex
What is the cathode side the source of?
source of electrons
What is he cathode composed of?
Composed of filaments, focusing cup, electrical circuit to cathode (Kilovoltage, milliamperage, and rectifiers)
What is the anode?
target for electrons to hit (becomes photons of energy)
What is an advantage to a smaller focal spot?
films with greater clarity
What is a disadvantage to a smaller focal spot?
it can’t withstand the high heat
What does FFD stand for?
Focal Film Distance
What does SID stand for?
Source Image Distance
Define focal film distance/ source image distance.
distance from the x-ray tube’s focal spot to the image receptor (the film)
What does focal film distance play a crucial role in with radiography?
plays a crucial role in radiographic image quality by influencing magnification, image sharpness, and radiation exposure
T/F x-rays obey the laws of light and diverge from the light source
true
What is the heel effect?
The bevel of the angled anode which redirects the x-rays being produced at the anode
The heel effect becomes more important when a patient:
is thicker on one end of its anatomy than on the other side
T/F Thicker side is placed on the cathode side to take advantage of the greater amount of radiation
true
What is the collimator on the x-ray machine used for?
narrows the X-ray beam to a specific area of interest, improving image quality and reducing patient radiation exposure
How does the collimater work?
works by using lead shutters to absorb X-rays outside the desired field of view, effectively focusing the beam on the area being imaged.
T/F Higher mAs does not mean that the mA’s are more constant
true
What is the inverse square law?
describes how the intensity of certain influences, like light or gravity, decreases as the distance from the source increases
What does the term absorption mean related to radiology?
the process where electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays, loses energy as it passes through matter
What does the term contrast mean related to radiology?
the difference in visibility between different tissues or structures in medical images
What does the term density mean related to radiology?
degree of darkness or blackness on a radiograph (x-ray)
What does the term detail mean related to radiology?
the clarity and sharpness of the anatomical structures visible on a radiograph
define radiology
branch of medicine that uses medical imaging to diagnose and treat diseases
define radiologist
a medical doctor specializing in the use of medical imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound, to diagnose and treat various diseases
What is the primary purpose of an aluminum filter in an x-ray tube?
To remove low-energy x-rays that do not contribute to the image quality.
T/F The tungsten filament is part of the anode in an x-ray tube system.
false
What is the fixed anode often adhered to? Why?
Often adhered to a copper filament or plug due to the copper being good at pulling heat off the target
How many REM are in each sievert?
100 REM
What is the advantage of a large focal spot?
used for more intense exposure because it spreads out the heat better
What is a disadvantage of a large focal spot?
Doesn’t give good sharpness/clarity
T/F As the SID is decreased, the intensity of the x-rays is increased.
True
A long FFD is great (what would work best), but you lose the intensity of the x-ray beam. What would you have to do because of this issue?
use a higher heat/exposure settings and take more images
What is the alternating current? How does it affect the x-ray tube?
vibrating back and forth negative and positive flow - affects x-ray tube by not being consistent
T/F If power is transmitted over vast distances, then a source with low current paired with high voltage is less expensive and more efficient
true
How is grid efficacy determined? What is the more common grid size used in vet med?
by the height of the lead strip vs. how far apart they are/frequency
8-1 grid ratio
15-1 more efficient than an 8-1 grid due to lead strips being taller and filters out scatter radiation better. What is a con to this one?
Grid is thicker and takes more power for x-rays to get through
Do grids cause more scatter radiation or reduce it?
reduce it
What does the 40 in Santes’ Law symbolize?
(2X thickness + 40).
Is the SID/FFD
T/F Bone is more dense than air or gas
true
T/F Bone shows up whiter on a screen while gas and air show up black
true
Calipers were used to measure the thickness of a body part. With what equipment do we not need to use these anymore?
digital radiography
What is the spindle of the rotating anode made of?
Molybdenum
What is the target/filament made of?
Tungsten aloids