Solutions, Colloids, Chemical Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Solubility, Kinetics, Nuclear Chemistry, Electrochemistry

Flashcards covering vocabulary terms and key concepts from lecture notes on Solutions and Colloids, Chemical Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Solubility, Kinetics, Nuclear Chemistry, and Electrochemistry.

Colligative Properties

Properties that depend on the concentration of solute particles but not on their identity.

Boiling Point Elevation

The increase in the boiling point of a solvent due to the addition of a solute.

Vapor Pressure Lowering

The decrease in the vapor pressure of a solvent due to the addition of a non-volatile solute.

Freezing Point Depression

The decrease in the freezing point of a solvent due to the addition of a solute.

Molarity

The number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molality

The number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

Mole Fraction

The ratio of the number of moles of a component in a mixture to the total number of moles of all components.

Raoult's Law

The partial pressure of component A above a solution is equal to the mole fraction of A in the solution times the vapor pressure of pure A.

Osmosis

The passage of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration

Osmotic Pressure

The pressure required to stop the flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane during osmosis.

Chemical Equilibrium

The point where the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Equilibrium Expression

An expression that relates the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium.

Kp

Equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressures.

Kc

Equilibrium constant in terms of concentrations.

Kw

Auto-ionization constant of water.

Ka

Acid dissociation constant.

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution.

Buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added.

Buffer Composition

A weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Buffer Range

The range of pH values over which a buffer is effective.

pKa

Negative log of the acid dissociation constant, indicates the acidity of a molecule

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Relates the pH of a buffer solution to the pKa of the weak acid and the ratio of the concentrations of the conjugate base and acid.

Ksp (Solubility Product Constant)

Constant that determines to what extend a solid dissolves in solution.

Molar Solubility

The molar concentration of the solid that dissolves in water.

Rate

The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs.

Rate Law

A mathematical expression that shows how the rate of a reaction depends on the concentration of reactants.

Rate Constant (k)

A constant that relates the rate of a reaction to the concentrations of reactants.

Electrochemistry

The study of the relationship between chemical reactions and electricity.

Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction that involves the transfer of electrons.

Oxidation

The loss of electrons.

Reduction

The gain of electrons.

Anode

The electrode where oxidation occurs.

Cathode

The electrode where reduction occurs.

Standard Reduction Potential

The measure of the tendency of a chemical species to be reduced.

Electrolysis

The process of using electricity to drive a non-spontaneous chemical reaction.

Isomers

A 3-D arrangement of atoms.

Structural Isomers

Isomers with different connectivity.

Stereoisomers

Isomers with the same connectivity but different spatial arrangement.

Geometric Isomers

Geometric isomers with different arrangements of atoms around a double bond or ring.

Optical Isomers

Isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

Chiral Molecule

A molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image

Racemic Mixture

A mixture of equal amounts of enantiomers.

Nuclear Chemistry

The study of the structure, properties, and reactions of atomic nuclei.

Radioactivity

The spontaneous emission of particles or energy from an unstable nucleus.

Nuclear Transmutation

A nuclear reaction in which one element is transformed into another.

Alpha Decay

The emission of an alpha particle from a nucleus.

Beta Decay

The emission of a beta particle from a nucleus.

Positron Emission

The emission of a positron from a nucleus.

Electron Capture

The capture of an inner-shell electron by a nucleus.

Gamma Decay

The emission of a gamma ray from a nucleus.

Fission

The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei.

Fusion

The combining of two or more light nuclei into a heavier nucleus.