Honors Biology Chapter 12 - Cell Division: Vocabulary
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28 Terms
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asexual reproduction
one cell divides and no genetic material is exchanged
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sexual reproduction
two cells combine and genetic material is exchanged
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binary fission
the division of a prokaryote into two offspring cells; a type of asexual reproduction
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somatic cells
all the body cells except the sex cells; red blood cells, white blood cells, liver cells
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gametes
sex cells; egg cell, sperm cell
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fertilization
when the nucleus’ of the gamete cells come together
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zygote
another name for a fertilized egg
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diploid number (2n)
the normal number of chromosomes; a human’s diploid number is 46; has to be an even number
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haploid number (n)
half the normal number of chromosomes; a human’s haploid number is 23, only gametes have this
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gametogenesis
the process in which gametes form through meiosis
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mitosis
simple cell division; occurs in somatic cells in organisms that undergo asexual reproduction; used for growth and repair
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mutation
a mistake in the DNA
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meiosis
cell division in the gametes, involved in sexual reproduction
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chromatin
a mass of unorganized material that contains DNA in cells that are not dividing
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chromosomes
the genetic material in the form of genes; genes are composed of protein and DNA
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draw a chromosome; label the centromere, chromatids, and telomere
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centromere
holds the two chromatids together
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chromatids
contain DNA
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telomeres
located at the ends of a chromosomes and they are made up of repeating nucleotides that do not form genes; this prevents the ends of the chromosome from accidentally attaching to each other and helps prevent the loss of genes
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histones
the proteins located in a chromosome that help maintain the shape and keep DNA tightly packed together
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sex chromosomes
determine the sex of the offspring; female is XX, male is XY
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autosomes
all other chromosomes; not sex chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
a pair of chromosomes; similar in size, shape, and control the same hereditary traits
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answer questions on homologous chromosomes
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in somatic cells, how many autosomes and sex chromosomes are there
44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
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in gamete cells, how many autosomes and sex chromosomes are there
22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome
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cancer
the uncontrollable division of cells
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karyotype
a picture of your chromosomes that may show any mutations and also shows the sex of the offspring