History- Chapter 1: Origins of the Cold War, 1941-58

who were the leaders of Britian, USA and USSR at the beginning of the Cold War?

Britain- Churchill
USA- Roosevelt
USSR- Stalin

what is the ideology of Capitalism?

Everyone should be free to make money for themselves.

what is the ideology of Communism?

the state should take control of the economy and run it to benefit everyone.

when was the Tehran Conference, who was there and what was discussed?

November 1943- attended by Churchill, Stalin and Roosevelt.
discussed plans to defeat Germany, USSR declaring war on Japan once Germany was defeated (as per USA's request), and the idea for the United Nations.

when was the Moscow Conference, who was there and what was discussed?

October 1944- attended by Churchill and Stalin
discussed 'percentages agreement'- the 'spheres of influence' dividing Romania, Greece, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Bulgaria between the allied powers.

when was the Yalta Conference, who was there and what was discussed?

February 1925- attended by Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
discussed the splitting of post-war Germany and Berlin into 4 zones and being controlled by USA, USSR, France and Britain.
United Nations to be set up
Stalin agreed future governments of Eastern Europe should be decided by free election.

when was the Potsdam Conference, who was there and what was discussed?

July-August 1945, attended by Truman, Atlee and Stalin
discussed the setting up of the Council of Foreign Ministers to organise the rebuilding of Europe.
Nazi Party banned
Germany and Berlin to be split up into 4 zones controlled by USA, USSR, France and Britian.

why did Truman feel like he had a military advantage over the rest of the Grand Alliance?

USA were first to create the atomic bomb and dropped it on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, ending WWII.

when was the Long Telegram written, by who, and what did it say?

February 1946, written by George Kennan to Truman, said that the USSR saw capitalism as a threat that must be destroyed and peace between capitalist USA and communist USSR was not possible.

when was the Novikov Telegram written, by who, and what did it say?

September 1946, written by Nikolai Novikov to Stalin said that the USA wats world domination, are building up their military strength and are preparing its people for war with the USSR.

what was 'salami tactics'?

when the Communists would gain control of a country, shut down any opposition parties and make that country a single-party communist state.

How did Poland become communist?

At Yalta, Stalin promised to set up a joint communist/non-communist government. He then invited 16 non-communist leaders to Moscow and arrested them. Thousands of non-communists were arrested. The communists then 'won' the 1947 election.

How did Hungary become communist?

The communists lost the 1945 election, but the communist leader Rakosi took control of the secret police, executed and imprisoned his opponents and turned Hungary into a communist state.

How did Czechoslovakia become communist?

Edward Benes set up a coalition government. However, the communists retained control of the army, the radio and the secret police. In 1948 they seized power completely, turning the country into a communist state.

what was the Truman Doctrine?

announced in 1947- a statement of US foreign policy, officially confirming containment- the US would provide economic, political and military aid to counties susceptible to Communism.

What was the Marshall Plan?

economic recovery scheme by the USA, where they would provide loans for European countries to aid their recovery.

what was Cominform?

Communist Information Bureau- created to reject the Marshall Plan, and make leaders follow orders from Moscow, where Stalin could keep an eye on them.

what countries were members of Cominform?

the Communist parties of USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France and Italy

what was Comecon?

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance- encouraged economic development in Eastern Europe, and prevented trade with the West. Basically a Communist Marshall Plan.

when and how was Bizonia formed?

1947- when Britain and USA merged their zones of Germany

when and how was Trizonia formed?

1948- when France merged their zone of Germany with Bizonia

when was the Berlin Blockade?

24th June 1948

Why did the Berlin Blockade happen?

Britain, France and USA introduced the Deutschmark to their combined zones.

what happened during the Berlin Blockade?

all entry points to Berlin were blocked off by the Soviets, and no supplies were allowed in or out.

how many days' worth of food did West Berlin have as a result of the Berlin Blockade?

36 days

what was Trizonia's response to the Berlin Blockade?

the Berlin Airlift (also known as Operation Vittles)

How long did the Berlin Airlift last?

June 1948 to Sept 1949

when was the Berlin Blockade lifted?

12th May 1949 - after 11 months

when did the USA create the first atomic bomb?

1945

when did the USSR make their first atomic bomb?

1949

when did the USA make their first hydrogen bomb?

1952

when did the USSR make their first hydrogen bomb?

1953

what was the Federal Republic of Germany and when was it formed?

West Germany- formed in September 1949

what was the German Democratic Republic and when was it formed?

East Germany- formed October 1949

What was the MAD theory?

Mutually Assured Destruction- if a nuclear war was to break out between the USA and USSR, both countries were unlikely to survive, and had a chance of destroying the rest of the world.

When did China become communist and under whose rule?

October 1949- under the rule of Mao Zedong

when did Korea split?

1945

What was the Korean War?

North Korea invaded South Korea, with the aid of Communist China.

what is NATO and when was it formed?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance with democratic countries of the West. - formed 1949

what countries were members of NATO?

USA, Britian, Canada, Holland, Belgium, France, Denmark, Norway and West Germany (joined 1955)

what was the Warsaw Pact and when was it formed?

a military alliance between Soviet Satellite states (basically a communist NATO), formed 1955

what was the catalyst for the Warsaw Pact?

West Germany joining NATO- the Warsaw Pact was created within a week of this happening.

what countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?

Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria

when did Stalin die, and who replaced him?

March 1953, replaced by Nikita Khrushchev

what process did Khrushchev begin when he got into power?

'detstalinisation'

when was the Hungarian Uprising?

23rd October 1956

how many protesters were killed during the USSR's response to the Hungarian Uprising?

12

Who did Khrushchev replace Rakosi with?

Imre Nagy

What did Nagy promise to do as Prime Minister of Hungary?

release political prisoners, freedom of speech and religion, and other reforms

what did Nagy announce on the 31st of October 1956?

Hungary's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact

what was Khrushchev's response Nagy's promises?

on the 4th of November 1956, Nagy sent 200,000 troops and 6000 tanks to Hungary to 'restore order'

how many Hungarians died during the Soviet Invasion of Hungary?

20,000

how many Hungarian refugees did the USA accept during the Hungarian Uprising?

80,000

why couldn't the USA send arms and troops to assist Hungary during their uprising?

it risked a full-out nuclear war between the USA and USSR.