Geography IB HL Case Studies

POPULATION

Uneven population distribution

CHINA:

- Most of the population lives in the urbanised part of China (near the coast)

-These are the areas of highest economic growth and so people there have more job opportunities and higher income

-The only jobs for people rurally are farming

-Economic divide

-Large scale rural to urban migration

POPULATION

Uneven population distribution

SOUTH AFRICA:

-The Apartheid resulted in migration from Cape Town to the South East region and from Johannesburg to areas around Maputo

-During the Apartheid, there were high levels of circular migration as cheap labour for men primarily existed in mines and industry in urban areas. However, their unemployed families were legally bound to remain in the rural villages

-After the Apartheid, internal migration increased due to more freedom

POPULATION

Population change/demographic transition

CHINA:

One child policy

-Estimated to have reduced population growth by 300 million in it's first 20 years which increases availability of food and jobs

-Rewards for following the policy (wages, schools, employment)

-Standard of living increased

-Traditional appeal of wanting a boy led to unsafe abortions and infanticide of baby girls

-This resulted in an uneven gender ratio

-The policy resulted in a shrinking labour force and shrinking population

Two child policy introduced in 2016

POPULATION

Population change/demographic transition

RUSSIA:

Pro natalist policy

-Russia has had low fertility for decades due to poor reproductive health services, lack of modern contraceptives, widespread and unsafe abortions and high divorce rates

-1930: rewards for having more than 2 children

-1941-1990: taxes for childlessness

-2006: increase in child benefits based on number of children, increased parental leave

-2006-2011: fertility increased by 21% but effects of the policy wore off after a few years

-As the population ages, the workforce is predicted to decline by 15% by 2024

POPULATION

Population change/demographic transition

SINGAPORE:

-Anti natalist policies in 1972-1987 as a result of a large young population: access to low cost contraception, easy to access family planning clinics, free education and healthcare for small families, sterilisation programmes promoted and use of media to promote smaller families

-Pro natalist policies in 1987 due to drastic population decline: maternity leave increased and covered for first 4 children, child benefit increased and sterilisation and abortion discouraged

-Successes: slight increase in fertility rate

-Limitations: changing people's minds about family size is difficult, some people saw government measures as controlling, measures not always supported by businesses who could not afford to have absent employees through maternity leave

POPULATION

Contemporary megacity

SHANGHAI:

-Rapid growth: Shanghai was forced to open to trade by Western powers after the Opium war of 1840 as it is a coastal town

-Positives of growth: increasing financial power, tourist destination, growing economy, more job and housing opportunities

-Negatives of growth: competition with Hong Kong after firms moved their offices there after the declaration of people's republic of China in 1949, jobless migrants, high levels of air pollution, strained resources and increased house prices, which can lead to homelessness

POPULATION

Forced movements

3 GORGES DAM:

-Info: the 3 Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze river by the town of Sandouping and is the largest power station in the world by capacity (to meet China's increasing demand for electricity and water storage as the population adopts a more Western culture)

-Advantages: reduces China's dependency on coal, protects 10 million from flooding, thousands of jobs generated, provides energy to Shanghai

-Disadvantages: 1.2 million people moved to make space for the dam, dozens of towns flooded, most of the land designated for resettlement is higher up and so cold and infertile, mouth of river may be starved of silt, archaeological treasures drowned

POPULATION

Forced movements

SYRIA:

-PUSH factors from Syria to Europe: fighting intensifying, economy and services collapsed, not enough aid available, political instability

-PUSH factors from other countries (Lebanon, Jordan and Turkey): refugees not allowed to work, not enough opportunities for Syrian children to be educated, countries are not compensated which results in strain on resources

-PULL factors to Europe from Syria: safety, work prospects and education

POPULATION

Ageing population

JAPAN:

-Drastic change in population structure since 1945: decrease in birth rate and death rate

-27% of population are over 65

-Problems: inadequate labour force, trade deficit, migration of Japanese industry to other countries, strain on working population

-Government options: raising taxes, increasing retirement age

POPULATION

Demographic dividend

SOUTH KOREA:

-Aggressive population policy: invested in healthcare centres and family planning

-Fertility rate dropped 5.4 in 1950 to 1.2 in 2001

-97% of school age children attending school by 1990 compared to 54% having access to education previously

-Escaped the weak fishing economy of the 1950's by improving relations with Japan, increasing investment capital and therefore strengthening the economy

-Construction programmes to improve infrastructure and provide jobs

POPULATION

Anti-trafficking

IOM INDONESIA:

-Issue: majority of women are trafficked through recruitment channels for labour or sexual exploitation

-IOM: awareness raising and improved monitoring of the recruitment market, protection of victims through victim assistance, strengthening of an effective criminal justice response

-Return, recovery and reintegration assistance- physical/mental health care, temporary shelter, family counselling, legal aid

-Detailed database of every victim helped since 2005 provides a unique source of information for policy-makers and service providers to better understand the trends of human trafficking in Indonesia

POPULATION

Anti-trafficking

URBAN LIGHT THAILAND:

-Empowering at risk males through medical checkups, houses for homeless teenagers etc to protect from sex trafficking

POPULATION

Gender equality policies

ETHIOPIA:

-Issue: women didn't have any rights to land or property

-Solution: Gender Action Plan provides women with a land certificate and space was made for 2 people to register joint ownership

-Evaluation: the GAP has given wives, widows and divorcees new rights, status and confidence. However, traditional men and women roles remain and there is still some conflict over land

POPULATION

Gender equality policies

ICELAND:

-Issue: gender pay gap

-Solution: Iceland has become the first country in the world to force companies to prove that they pay all employees the same (every firm with more than 25 staff must have a certificate

-Evaluation: women still earn 14% less and there have been protests as women still don't think the gender pay gap has been closed

POPULATION

Gender equality example

RWANDA:

-The 1994 genocide killed many men and resulted in a population composed 70% of women, most of whom were widows and had no choice but to become independent. Women also had to step up as leaders

-The constitution states that at least 30% of government positions must be occupied by women (but this is more like 60%)

-Spends a significant amount of it's GDP on health (24%) and education (17%)

-Strong government support for gender equality (establishment of Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion)

-Many women have jobs in the public sector (teachers are role models for young girls and every police station has an officer for gender violence)

-Women's support groups established after the genocide now help women to be financially independent

CLIMATE CHANGE

Vulnerability to climate change

MALDIVES:

-Vulnerability: series of islands (highest point 2m above sea level), poor country with weak economy, life expectancy increasing so there is a strain on resources

-Coral bleaching due to warm temps

-Flooding in the Southern Islands (loss of homes) and water shortages in the Northern Islands

-Turtles are homeless and cant return to lay eggs

-Solutions: beach nourishment, artificially grown coral on steel rods, sea walls, carbon neutral resorts, UN water management schemes on 3 islands using sea water

-Plan B: relocating the population to Australia

CLIMATE CHANGE

Vulnerability to climate change

BANGLADESH:

-Vulnerability: lots of deforestation and urbanisation, 3 major rivers, 70% of Bangladesh is below sea level, reliance on agriculture and there is a monsoon season from June until September

-Flooding of 1998 resulting in 57% of land surface flooded, loss of lives, home and infrastructure destruction (7m homes destroyed), spread of waterborne diseases and half a million cattle and poultry lost

-Immediate response: rescue, shelter, aid, basic repairs

-Long term response: reducing rates of deforestation, development of a flood warning system, 7 large dams being built, as well as 350km levees and flood water storage areas

CLIMATE CHANGE

Vulnerability to climate change

FLORIDA USA:

-Increasing heatwaves have a greater effect on elderly people in Florida

-Low mobility restricts relocation

-May be living alone

CLIMATE CHANGE

Actions of NGOs in response to climate change

US CLIMATE ACTION NETWORK (USCAN):

-USCAN is an affiliate of the International Climate Action -Network of more than 100 NGOs in over 90 countries

-Aims to support the most vulnerable communities, create economic change influence policy through campaigns to limit human-induced climate change

CLIMATE CHANGE

Impacts

UK:

-If temps rise by 1.5-4.5 degrees, there will be flooding of low lying areas (need for defences), salt water will pollute freshwater, there will be forest fires and some arctic bird species will face extinction

CLIMATE CHANGE

Impacts

USA:

-Yosemite National Park suffering the consequences of rising temperatures

-2013: Yosemite lost over 1/4million trees in California's largest ever wildfire

-Mitigation is difficult as money is spent on firefighting, not prevention

CLIMATE CHANGE

International agreements

KYOTO PROTOCOL 1997:

-Aim: to reduce greenhouse gas emissions between 2008 and 2012 to be 5.2% lower than 1990 levels

-192 countries signed up (only countries who didn't are Sudan, Afghanistan and USA)

-Strengths: progress made by some countries, shows a united global front and further agreements have been made (EU carbon trading)

-Weaknesses: no consequences for not meeting targets, targets considered too low, many countries made no progress and USA have withdrawn support, undermining the agreement

CLIMATE CHANGE

International agreements

UN FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE 1992:

-Aim: to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate change

-Strengths: most countries are involved, showing a united front

-Weaknesses: only 43 countries signed up and it is not legally binding

CLIMATE CHANGE

International agreements

THE PARIS AGREEMENT 2015:

-Aim: to strengthen countries' ability to cope with climate change

-Strengths: nearly 200 countries took part in negotiations

-Weaknesses: lack of binding enforcement agreement

CLIMATE CHANGE

Carbon offsetting and trading

EU EMISSIONS TRADING SYSTEM:

-Aim: to cap the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by each country

-Strengths: enforced by financial penalties, there is a clearly set out system and it may generate government revenue

-Weaknesses: counties can buy 'credits', which does not encourage a change of resources and it is only operating in the EU

CLIMATE CHANGE

Geo-engineering

UN-REDD PROGRAMME:

-Aim: to assist developing countries to develop capacity to reduce emissions eg planting more trees

-Strengths: delivery at country level and considers the rights of Indigenous groups

-Weaknesses: only 60 countries involved and there is no pact due to the unpredictable timespan

CLIMATE CHANGE

Geo-engineering

CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE:

-Involves putting CO2 back in the ground

-Rocks in the North Sea can absorb a lot of CO2

CLIMATE CHANGE

Geo-engineering

EXPORTING SLOAR POWER:

-Solar power plant in Morocco to reduce it's dependence on non-renewable energy sources

-Possibilities to export to Europe, which would reduce Europe's dependence on fossil fuels and provide income for Morocco

CLIMATE CHANGE

Geo-engineering

PAINTING ROADS WHITE IN LA:

-Painting roads white to reduce absorption of solar rays

-This reduces the Urban Heat Island Effect and reduces the use of air conditioning as a result of high temperatures

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

SWITZERLAND:

WATER (current situation)

-Large water supplies to fall back on with many lakes, glaciers and groundwater

-Majority of water is collected in artificial lakes and dams

-Strict water quality regulations

WATER (possible situation)

-Separation toilets to store urine in tanks separate from water to save money on water purification

-Pipelines with clean water flowing into cities and polluted water flowing out

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

UAE:

WATER (current situation)

-Extremely water scarce and cannot support a domestic agricultural sector capable of feeding its population

-The country's energy resources and wealth enable it to meet its food and water needs through desalinisation and trade

WATER (possible situation)

-Giving $5m to researchers finding ways to wring more moisture out of clouds

-Over the next 3 years, teams will deploy sensors to identify the most promising clouds and a German team will use nanotechnology to increase water condensation within the cloud

-Other options: boosting efficiency of desalinisation plants, importing icebergs and water trading

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

Comparison between water security in Switzerland and UAE

SIMILARITIES

-They are both wealthy countries that can afford to buy water and set up alternative methods to get water

-They are both looking at new ways to get and save more water

DIFFERENCES

-Switzerland has a lot of natural water resources available whereas UAE doesn't

-Switzerland is looking at long term mitigation strategies whereas UAE is looking at short term adaptation strategies

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

SWITZERLAND:

FOOD (current situation)

-None of the population are under the global poverty line

-Good presence of food safety net programmes

-Good access to financing for farmers

FOOD (possible situation)

-Swiss have voted to protect local food production and prioritize sustainable farming practices

-This vote could harm farmers in developing countries due to decreased imports

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

UAE:

FOOD (current situation)

-Although none of the population are under the poverty line, there is a presence of food safety net programmes and access to financing for farmers, public expenditure on agriculture is a challenge due to water scarcity and a lack of arable land

-Imports make up 80-90% of all food supplies

FOOD (possible situation)

-Government has set a goal of recycling 75% of food waste by 2021

-Green projects such as vertical farming and smart home farms

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

Comparison between food security in Switzerland and UAE

SIMILARITIES

-They both have good food security and their population are not under the poverty line

-They are both working towards more sustainable production and use of food

DIFFERENCES

-The future of food security in Switzerland is uncertain because of the vote whereas UAE is working towards improving food security

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

SWITZERLAND:

ENERGY (current situation)

-Emissions of CO2 from electricity consumption are higher than emissions from production

-Hydropower used to be popular but it is not used as much anymore

-Few indigenous resources such as gas and petroleum are imported

-Nuclear plants produce 1/3 of the country's energy

ENERGY (possible situation)

-2017: Switzerland voted to phase out nuclear power in order to try to transition into using clean and renewable energy sources

-No more nuclear power plants will be constructed

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

UAE:

ENERGY (current situation)

-High consumption of fossil fuels

-High production of oil

-No investment in renewable energy

ENERGY (possible situation)

-Nuclear power programme to diversify the power generation mix away from a near total dependence on gas

-Solar programmes are small but could make up 10-20% of generation capacity in the future

-Recycling 'grey' water, which uses less energy than desalinisation

-Making the urban environment more resilient through better insulation and shading

RESOURCES

Contrasting levels of resource security

Comparison between energy security in Switzerland and UAE

SIMILARITIES

-They both currently use unsustainable and unrenewable energy sources

-They are both trying to diversify their power generation sources

DIFFERENCES

-Switzerland is trying to move away from nuclear energy whereas UAE is using nuclear energy to diversify their energy sources

RESOURCES

Climate change and the FEW nexus

SOUTH AFRICA:

-Changing temperatures: increase susceptibility to crop burning, heat stress in livestock, reduced soil moisture (food), greater energy usage through increased need for refrigeration (energy), higher rates of evaporation (water)

-Changing rainfall patterns: reduced water availability for livestock and crops (food), increased energy consumption for irrigation (energy), heavy reliance on irrigation (water)

-Extreme weather: drought can lead to decreased crop yields and floods can lead to waterlogged fields (food), increased energy usage to pump water in case of drought (energy), water reservoirs under pressure to meet residential and commercial demands for water during droughts (water)

RESOURCES

Water insecurity

INDIA:

-Pressures: 700 million people and increasing levels of development

-Strategies: technology to monitor leaks and water wastage and village ownership of water to encourage sustainability

-Future security: a lack of self reliance makes a country prone to disruption, limited economic growth and insufficient water supply for domestic and agricultural purposes

RESOURCES

Food insecurity

SINGAPORE:

-Pressures: methods of farming were inefficient and laborious and 90% of food eaten is imported as only 250 acres is used for food production for a population of 5 million

-Strategies: maximise use of land through vertical farming and become self sufficient by aiming to produce 10% of all food consumed (consumers happy to pay more for locally produced food)

-Future security: food insecurity leads to high spending and potential famine as well as a reliance on other countries, which can create problems such as rising prices and increased food miles

RESOURCES

Energy insecurity

UK:

-Pressures: the demand for electricity is increasing as emerging economies grow

-Strategies: diversification of energy sources

-Future security: reliance on politically unstable countries can result in conflict (Russia supplies 40% of the UK's imported gas) and there is competition between importing countries which can raise prices for consumers

RESOURCES

Circular economy

WASHING MACHINES

-Appliances could be re-used from one consumer to another while the manufacturer undertakes responsibility for repairs rather than machines being scrapped when they break down

-Bigger focus on launderettes (Scandinavian countries)

CLOTHING

-Company Y-closet rent clothes to people rather than buying clothes

-This could disrupt the fast fashion trend and reduce the environmental impact of the clothes manufacturing and disposal process

MOBILE PHONES

-Dutch company FairPhone use conflict-free tin and tantalum and a replaceable battery, along with selling spare phone parts on their website

-This increases the longevity of phones and reduces e-waste

RESOURCES

E-waste

AGBOGBLOSHIE GHANA:

-20 acre scrap yard

-85% of waste dumped in Ghana and West Africa is produced in Ghana and West Africa

-50,000 people including children live here

-Smoke emitted from burning wires can contain dioxin, heavy metals and other pollutants dangerous to human health

-Most workers die from cancer in their 20s

-Electronic goods arrive from Germany, Korea and Switzerland under the false label "second hand goods"

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Global interactions and power

Superpowers

USA:

-Economic power: largest economy in the world (output is 3x the second largest), US dollar is the global reserve currency and 162 of world's 500 largest companies come from the US

-Military power: world's second largest army, 25,000 aircraft, second largest amount of nuclear weapons and the biggest annual defence budget

-Cultural power: big brands eg Coca Cola, global spread of US values through sitcoms such as Friends and big influencers like Marilyn Monroe

-Geographical power: Diego Garcia in Indian Ocean used as a naval base (exercises between US and Indian armies)

-Political power: encouraged the establishment of international institutions such as the UN headquarters in New York and International Monetary Fund in Washington

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Global interactions and power

Superpowers

USSR:

-Strong links with Eastern Europe and developing countries

-Huge oil and gas reserves

-Largest landbased army and nuclear weapons stock

-Good relationship with US currently

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Global interactions and power

World Bank

WORLD BANK/INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND:

-Bolsa Familia: scheme that started in 2003 by the World Bank and makes payments to leading female families earning less than a certain amount (94% of funds reach poorest 40%)

-Burma: IMF assisted government in unifying its complex system of multiple exchange rates for the currency

-Mongolia: IMF approved a financial package ($5.5bn) to help support Mongolia's efforts to diversify its small and resource-dependent economy

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Global networks and flows

TNCs

TATA:

-Group consists of over 100 companies (steel, cars, trucks, chemicals, hotels)

-Operates in over 80 countries

-Employs more British workers than any other manufacturer

-1912: introduced 8 hour working day (standard was 12)

-1920: introduced paid leave (only became legally binding in 1945)

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Global networks and flows

TNCs

APPLE:

-Has 785 suppliers in 230 countries

-2006 onwards: allegations of poor working condition at Foxconn, Apple's principal supplier (workers earn $50 a month for 15 hour days)

-2010: demands for better working conditions and higher wages culminated in 18 suicide attempts

-After the suicides, Foxconn provided counselling and increased wages

-However, Chinese labour laws and lack of enforcement do little to protect workers

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Global networks and flows

Aid in Tanzania

WATER AID TANZANIA:

-26m don't have clean water

-Over 3,000 children die from diarrhea every year

-Women are spending 4.5 hours fetching water

-Pump placed in the town gives access to clean water and saves time, allowing people to have jobs and go to school

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions

Multi-governmental organisations

UN:

-Promoting disarmament through treaties

-UN Development Programme (UNDP) supports more than 4,800 projects to reduce poverty, promote good governance, address crises and preserve the environment

-UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has helped developing countries to negotiate trade agreements and win preferential treatment for their exports

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions

Free trade zones

INCHEON SOUTH KOREA:

-Location: close to Seoul, placed on the coast so has access to the sea and an airport and near to China and Japan so acts as a channel

-Purpose: attracts foreign investment as less taxes and relaxed bureaucracy provide incentives for businesses

-Advantages: gives local companies a better chance, encourages faster economic growth, creates jobs and strengthens relationships with other countries

-Disadvantages: problems with N.Korea, pollution from industrialization, exploitation of workers and global companies becoming a threat to local companies

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions Transport

PANAMA CANAL:

-Containerisation is increasing and the canal provides a good route for ships, connecting the Pacific Ocean with the Caribbean Sea

-Issue: as ships have grown, they have become too big to pass through the three sets of locks in place

-Solution: expansion plan costing $5bn announced in 2006, build another set of locks near the existing ones to fit wider ships

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions

Transport

EASY JET:

-1995: 2 aircraft and only flew within the UK

-Bought 40% of Swiss airline which established a foothold in European flights

-Nations connected to easyjet had better trade and tourism, boosting the economy

-One of the first airlines to use the internet in 1998 and now book 95% of all flights online

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions

Migration

WALLED AMERICA:

-Globalization has led to an increase in immigration due to the spread of the American Dream through media and internet

-Rate of immigration from Mexico to US is high because of better conditions in the US

-Vigilante groups the "minutemen" and "American border control" aim to defend American soil and patrol areas to stop illegal immigrants

-US paranoia about immigration following 9/11 and rise in terrorism has culminated in protests at Mexican employment centres

-Mixed views as some employers want cheap labour

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions

Outsourcing

INDIA:

-A good developer in the US can cost $50-$80 per hour whereas the hourly cost of a developer in India can be negotiated down to as little as $15

-3.1m graduates entering the workforce every year

-India's share in the global outsourcing market rose from 51% in 2009 to 55% in 2010

-242 software firms in Bangalore

-The Bangalore University has over 57 engineering colleges affiliated to it

POWER, PLACES AND NETWORKS

Human and physical influences on interactions

ICT

UGANDA (TECHNOLOGICAL LEAPFROGGING):

-Ugandans have gone straight past banking as its too expensive to have an account

-Gone straight to sending money through mobile phones which can be converted to cash at a local "M-Pesa" store

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Development opportunities

Closing the development gap

EMPOWERING WOMEN IN COLOMBIA:

-One of the biggest armed conflicts in Latin America took place in Colombia, resulting in women becoming mobilized and having influence on laws and policies

-Changes: more girls in education and more women cabinet members and in the labour force

-Reasons for change: legal reform, more political opportunities for women, growth of women's social movements and increasing international support for women's organizations

-Challenges: rural women are still poor and illiterate, peace process signed in 2016 remains fragile and the root causes of conflict still remain (inequality, access to land and political/class/generational divides)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Development opportunities

Closing the development gap

EMPOWERING INDIGENOUS GROUPS IN BOLIVIA:

-Mapajo Lodge is an ecotourism project that started in 1999

-Aims: to increase income, living standards and environmental protection

-Community provided materials and labour for the project

-Financial support from France, UK and Canada

-Communities receive 20% of tourism income and other costs for transport, food and taxes

-Forms part of a larger project of ecolodges part of a company called Madidi, founded by a US biologist in order to promote indigenous ecotourism in the region

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Development opportunities

Microfinance

GRAMEEN BANK BANGLADESH:

-Provides credit to the poorest in rural Bangladesh without any collateral

-Aids the overall development of socioeconomic conditions of the poor

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Development opportunities

Fairtrade

BALA SPORT PAKISTAN:

-70% of the world's footballs are made in the Pakistani city Sialkot

-Bala company is fair trade and provides good working conditions and fair pay

-Pays a 10% premium on manufacturing costs, which goes to community development projects, healthcare and education training for workers and their families

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Changing identities and culture

Cultural imperialism

DANI TRIBE:

-The Dani are a people from the central highlands of Western New Guinea

-Traditional clothing: grass skirts and penis sheaths

-Ceremonies: Pig kill ceremony

-Ritual warfare: fighting using spears, bows and arrows

-Religion: belief in spirits and ghosts and made charms to protect themselves

-Christian missionaries came to convert the Dani to Christianity as they though they were lost souls

-Effects of conversion: biblical names, no cannibalism, healthcare, farming tools, learnt to read and write and money has replaced pigs as a symbol of wealth

-Indonesian government launched a campaign to make them wear clothes

-Advantages of tourism: money for locals

-Disadvantages of tourism: distracts away from agriculture, loss of culture and people come to expect gifts from tourists

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Changing identities and culture

Homogenization

DUBAI:

-30 to 50 years ago, Emirati's would either live in tents and lead a nomadic lifestyle and the main form of transport would have been dhows (a type of boat), camels or on foot

-There are now many global shops and brands available in Dubai eg. NEXT, GAP, Nike

-Dubai has also seen an explosion fast food restaurants such as Burger King, McDonalds and Pizza Hut, which are found everywhere

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Changing identities and culture

Homogenization

CLONE TOWNS UK:

-Towns have become dominated by the same chain stores, making them all very similar

-Small, independent businesses have been lost and chain stores have too much power, stocking similar products and thus regions lose identity

-However, some people enjoy the choice of goods and competitive prices offered by chain stores

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Changing identities and culture

Glocalization

MCDONALDS:

-Beijing: it has become somewhere for special family outings

-Japan: it has become a youth hangout

-Menu varies around the world: shrimp burgers in South Korea and green tea flavoured milkshakes in Japan

-2014: McDonald's began testing "Create Your Taste", where customers can use a dedicated kiosk to choose all their ingredients

-Not fast food: delivered on wooden boards with fries in wire baskets and salads in China bowls

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Local responses to global interactions

Cultural diffusion

BHUTAN:

-Largely Buddhist country

-Very traditional society where the King has promoted Gross National Happiness as an ideal

-National dress has to be worn

-Banning of TV and Internet

-Setting a quota on tourists and charging expensive tourist tax

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Local responses to global interactions

Cultural diffusion

IRELAND:

-Irish culture spread around the world

-Increased tourism in Ireland from foreigners as well as migrants visiting families

-Global support for Ireland's sporting teams

-Revenue for companies like Guinness

-Large numbers of people could claim Irish citizenship and move back, causing overcrowding

-Exploitation and dilution of culture

-Loss of workers and breakup of families

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY:

Local responses to global interactions

Anti-immigration

BNP:

-Far-right political party that has its roots with the National Front

-Immigration: calls for an immediate halt to further immigration and repatriation of current immigrants

-Economy: advocates withdrawal from the EU, ending overseas aid, self-sufficiency in food production and British ownership of industries

-Society: advocates for capital punishment for drug dealers, murderers and terrorists, is opposed to new mosques and has the opinion that homosexuality should be "returned to the closet"

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Local responses to global interactions

Civil societies

WWF:

-Campaign against SOCO's oil exploration in Virunga National Park in the DRC

-3 min film released about the impact on the environment which aired in Odeon cinemas across the UK

-Complaint filed with and upheld by UK government

-2014: SOCO abandoned drilling in Virunga

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Local responses to global interactions

Government and militia

GREAT FIREWALL OF CHINA:

-Websites deemed sensitive by the government are blocked, as well as social media

-The State Internet Information Office brings technical and political control over the Internet under one body

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND DIVERSITY

Local responses to global interactions

Government and militia

NORTH KOREA:

-Travel around the country and abroad is restricted

-Only the political elite have vehicles

-Less than 10% have phones

-TVs only receive government channels

-Schools have access to a highly controlled Intranet

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Geopolitical and economic risks

Geopolitical tension

UKRAINE AND RUSSIA:

-Nov 2013: protests in Kiev following president's rejection of greater integration with the EU, which state forces tried to stop but they increased in number

-March 2014: Russian troops gained control of the Crimean region following a referendum in which Crimea voted to join Russia

-May 2014: pro-Russian separatists in Eastern Ukraine declared independence from Ukraine. The conflict that followed resulted in 9000 dead and NATO reported a build up of Russian troops in Donetsk

-July 2014: international crisis resulting in EU and US challenging Russia, as well as an investigation in which it was revealed that the Malaysian airlines flight shot down over Ukraine was carried out by Russian separatists

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Geopolitical and economic risks

Geopolitical tension

CHINA AND JAPAN:

-2014: China and Japan were trade partners

-Now: China's economy has matured and China and Japan are now competitors in Asia and rival for industrial supremacy

-China has a cost advantage, exporting more high value goods

-Japan has promised to hire local workers

-Both have built up their defence exports

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Geopolitical and economic risks

Resource nationalism

DEBSWANA:

-50:50 diamond operation between the government and DeBeers

-The world's largest diamond firm

-Stable government, rich and productive mines and a small population

NAMIBIA:

-All new mines are state owned

-Mining companies worried as a change in policies could result in huge financial losses

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Geopolitical and economic risks

Geopolitical change

MYANMAR/BURMA:

-Population control bill established which has laws surrounding the control of Buddhist women marrying men from other religions,criminalizing extramarital relationships and establishing 3 year intervals for women between births

-Fears have been raised that these laws could be used to control the largely stateless Rohingya population

-Became stateless in 1982 as the government says they didn't enter until 1948, although some believe they have been there since the 15th century

-2014: the government expelled humanitarian groups, preventing healthcare and aid for the Rohingyans

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Environmental risks

Transboundary pollution

ACID RAIN CANADA:

-Problem: acid rain causing decrease in pH and calcium level of lakes

-Areas losing calcium results in calcium dependent crustaceans being replaced with larger, more adapted plankton species which clog up water filtration stations

-Low pH has resulted in reduced ability to detect predators in the Atlantic salmon

-About half of the wet sulphate deposition in Eastern Canada is estimated to come from the US

-Response: Eastern Canada Acid Rain Program (aims to limit deposition of sulphates by capping SO2 emissions), Canada Wide Acid Rain Program (national reduction) and the Canada-US Air Quality Agreement (commits both countries to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions)

-Challenges: 50% of lakes have unchanged acidity levels and 11% are more acidic and recovery of pH levels and ecosystems has been slow

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Environmental risks

Agrobusiness

SMITHFIELD:

-Transforming global meat production from a traditional farm enterprise to a factory-style industrial activity

-Dirty waste: waste is flushed out into fields where it seeps into groundwater or is carried by rain into lakes and rivers

-Polluted water supply: Smithfield was fined $12.6m in 1998 alone for 6,900 violations of the US Clean Water Act

-Bad odours for nearby farmers and residents and people are unable to sit outside in the summer

-Outbreaks of Pfiesteria: kills fish and causes open sores, respiratory illnesses and brain damage

-Dangerous gases: the fumes inside buildings kill animals through suffocation and are also bad for human health, making workers and locals susceptible to lung disease and infections

-Loss of US farms: Each pig factory puts 10 family farmers out of business, replacing high-quality agricultural jobs with three or four hourly wage workers

-Threatening the livelihood of 4m farmers in Poland

-1999: started buying slaughterhouses and state farms in Poland and the vice president promised that Smithfield will "modernise" Polish agriculture and bring prosperity and jobs to rural communities

-Strategy: getting the government to get rid of competition for them. After a meeting with the then prime minister of Poland, the minister of agriculture promulgated regulations that would put up to 50 per cent of Poland's slaughterhouses out of business

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Environmental risks

Polluting manufacturing industry

CITARUM RIVER INDONESIA:

-Indonesia is the world's 10th largest textile producer and aims to be in the top 5

-Over 1,000 textile companies dump tonnes of toxic waste into the river

-Employees say that this is untreated waste

-Impacts: locals suffer from skin irritation, the toxins from dye are poisonous and can cause cancer and organ damage, crop yields have reduced causing losses for farmers and over 60% of fish in the river have died, causing a loss of food and income

-Management: a $3.5m clean-up initiative launched in 2010 is underway spearheaded by the government and has a 15 year outlook

-Challenges: textile factories refuse to take responsibility and ignore fines and warnings

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Local and global resilience

Civil societies

GREENPEACE:

-Campaign against Shell for drilling in the Arctic

-Climbers and kayaks around St Johns bridge in Oregon campaigning against Shell safety equipment shop on the way to Alaska

-2015: Shell announced it would stop Arctic drilling

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Local and global resilience

Reshoring

TRUNKI:

-Company that makes plastic suitcases for children

-Bringing production back to the UK from China

-Creator hopes to create 15 more jobs and cut production time from 120 days to 30 days by moving to the UK

-Chinese labour costs have tripled in six years and inflation and currency appreciation in China are making the country less competitive

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Local and global resilience

Crowdsourcing

WIKIPEDIA:

-Is crowdsourced

-Allows access to information information for free

BOATY MCBOATFACE:

-Crowdsourcing to choose a name for a research ship

-Huge media coverage

-Raised awareness of natural sciences

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Local and global resilience

Tax avoidance

APPLE:

-Corporation tax is lowest in Ireland at 12.5%

-2016: Apple was ordered by the EU to pay $13bn worth of back taxes to Ireland because Apple was only paying 1% tax

-Ireland refused as it wanted to maintain its reputation as a low tax base

SIR PHILLIP GREEN:

-Manages his various companies through a holding company in his wife's name, a South African living in Monaco where there is 0% income tax

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Local and global resilience

Cybersecurity

ESTONIA:

-Left the Soviet Union

-Screening and sensors at the border with Russia

-Digitally protected borders

US AIRPORTS:

-Photo verification and fingerprint scanning

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

-Over 6,500 spoken languages in the world today

-With increased migration, global foods have spread around the world and most cities now have Indian, Chinese and Italian restaurants everywhere

-5 major religions: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism and Hinduism

-Some cultures follow strict dresscodes eg Afghanistan where women have to wear burkhas

-However, the French government has decided that it is a sign of repression and banned people from wearing it in public

-Commercialism and growth of sports events such as the Olympics and the Football World Cup mean that some sports have become international

-Football is now regarded as a global game so many regional and national sports have lost players to more globalized games

GLOBAL RISKS AND RESILIENCE

Local and global resilience

Challenging restrictive freedoms

ARAB SPRING:

-Range of demonstrations, protests, riots and civil wars across the Middle East and Africa after 2010

-Factors: dissatisfaction with governments, dictatorships, corruption, economic decline, unemployment, food shortages and rising food prices

-Following the protests and change came the Arab Winter: a wave of violence, instability and economic decline

-Mixed success: some countries now have greater freedom (Egypt and Tunisia, which has now become a democracy) whereas some have seen a collapse in law and social order (Syria and Libya)

-Reasons for success: strong civil societies, degree of state censorship (in countries where there was widespread coverage, mass violence by the government and military was suppressed eg. Egypt), social media (used to mobilize supporters), support of the national military (in Egypt and Tunisia, the military supported protesters whereas in Libya and Syria they contributed to civil war) and mobilization of the middle class (countries with a vocal middle class were more like