Studied by 6 people
Atlantic World
the area and countries surrounding the Atlantic Ocean and the trade, relationship, and other contact between them in the Atlantic region
Bartolomé de Las Casas
Spanish conquistador who was also a priest/friar, saw the native people in Hispaniola as "little lambs" and kind and impressionable people. While he wanted to treat them with kindness, he infantilized them more than respected them
Cahokia
a trading center for furs and fish near what is now St. Louis, thriving Native American populations dwelled there with prosperous networks of life and trade
charter
an agreement or contract from a European power to send men and resources to colonize or settle in the "New World"
Christopher Columbus
born in Genoa, Italy, explored and set forward to find a faster route to East Asia and instead found, started trade, and exploited Indigenous people in the West Indies
Clovis people
ancient migrants who came from the ice bridge to America through Russia/Alaska and settled in various areas of the continent(s)
colonization
one country taking a new land/people by force and setting up new settlements and land
colony
a group of people from a foreign place still governed by their home country's rulers
conquistador
Spanish conquerors who explored much of America and exploited native people
Elizabeth I
Queen of England, Queen Mary's half sister, severed England from Catholic Church permanently
encomienda
exploitation of labor and land from native people by the Spanish colonists
globalization
the increased production, communication, and relationships created and kept between foreign countries and powers
imperialism
using power over colonization, military force, economic wealth, and population to grow country
mercantilism
the use of trade as economic power and growth (often fighting for land and industrial gains between large European nations)
Mesoamerica
region of central/south America
mestizo
people of both Spanish and Indigenous race
Popé
Native American religious leader who led a revolution against the Spanish in Pueblo Revolt, against the Catholic church and the treatment of the Spanish colonizers
Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther lead a new religion breaking off from Catholicism, created a schism of several Protestant churches
Puritans
Christians who wanted to purify the Church of England, claimed they had "pure" values and could live their intended lives under god's will
Separatists
those who completely separated from the Catholic Church in England, some were Protestant, Puritans, often left for the colonies seeking religious freedom
Roanoke
colony that disappeared, left colonists in dismay and hard weather as resources and population dwindled
Anne Hutchinson
outspoken socialite in Massachusetts, challenged religious beliefs and teachings of Christian Separatists in the area, kicked out of the colony for her views and questioning
Antinomianism
belief that one can go against the laws of ruling society to not obey the law of either God or man, most notably promoted in the colonies by Anne Hutchinson
Bacon's Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon lead a group of disgruntled white, Black, and Native American workers to fight when needed for territorial issues, against the will of William Berkeley
Cecilius Calvert
the second Lord Baltimore, carried out the wishes of his father and received a charter to settle the colony now called Maryland
Dominion of New England
a single government with a higher governor and authoritative power in order for England to establish its dominance over the colonies in the late 1600s-1700s, ordered by King James II
George Calvert
first Lord Baltimore who wanted to establish Maryland colony, intended as a real estate expansion and refuge for English Catholics, died before he could receive a charter
headright system
each settler is granted a set amount of land upon arrival, used to entice larger populations of settlers to move and establish a colony
indentured servants
people owing a debt or payment of service to another man, is contracted to work for them for a set amount of time before being free of contract
Jacob Leisler
among New York's tensions, he was a leader of dissidents and raised a militia to capture a city fort and proclaim himself head of government in New York, lasted for two years
James Oglethorpe
general who was essential to settling Georgia (final colony), used his military background for strategy in defense and setting up land with poorer "farmer-soldiers"
Jamestown
Early colonial town in Virginia along the "James" river, set up by English settlers and survived brutally harsh winters with dwindling resources and population of colonists
John Smith
Captain of the ship that explored and settled Jamestown in Virginia colony, made tentative peace with the Powhatan tribes in the area and gained resources as well as knowledge from them
John Rolfe
settler in Jamestown, helped run operations and started successfully farming tobacco in Virginia, married Pocahontas and converted her to Christianity
John Winthrop
selected leader of the Massachusetts Bay Company
King Philip's War
brutal war between white settlers (mainly Puritans) in Massachusetts and the Wampanoag tribe, instigated by Metacom (aka Philip) and made worse by the settlers
Massachusetts Bay Company
chartered by James I to start their own settlement in the area of Massachusetts/New Hampshire, established their colony of Puritan settlers and were under their own charter which meant they were "responsible to no company officials in England"
Mayflower Compact
first independent form of government in the colony, created on the Mayflower voyage by the pilgrims, gave freedom and laws to act on their own in "new world"
Metacom
called Philip by the Puritans, son of Wampanoag tribe chief Massasoit, broke the tentative peace created by his father due to unfair and harsh treatment of his people
middle grounds
areas with less strong or stable settlements, often the center of diverse groups, countries, and environments all together, includes areas such as the Chesapeake, Caribbean islands, etc.
Navigation Acts
laws to control imports and exports of goods from the colonies, they could only go through England, had to be taxed under English law, and were part of British empire (not heavily enforced by England for decades)
Pequot War
fighting between English settlers in the Connecticut Valley and Pequot Indians, the settlers ended up wiping out most if not all of the tribes in the area
Plymouth Plantation
settlement in Massachusetts where pilgrims first arrived, small and poor Puritan plantation mostly relying on fish and fur trade in the area
Powhatan
Native Americans in the Virginia region, interacted and traded with John Smith and his settlers in early Jamestown
Quakers
religious group, also known as "Friends," who believed that everyone could attain salvation and had divinity within them, confirmed pacifists (while some did own slaves)
Roger Williams
man who founded Rhode Island colony for religious freedom, became home of many Quakers as well, and was controversial for his outspoken religious tolerance
slave codes
rules set in place by English leaders in the colonies/middle grounds that state any slave is property of the white master. Masters would receive no punishment for the poor treatment, abuse, or death/murder of slaves, also said that children of slaves would be enslaved too
theocracy
a government directly tied with a religion, all rulings, policies, and the way it affects people are tied into the religion and the beliefs of how the people ruling interpret the religion
Virginia House of Burgesses
Virginia company's delegates that met and ran the colony, meetings under to house of burgesses which became first elected legislature in what would become the United States
William Berkeley
governor of Virginia for over 30 years, grew and expanded Virginia colony
William Penn
received a charter from King James II, used it to found large settlement named Pennsylvania, was a Quaker who wanted to start a prosperous colony while also being religiously tolerant of all Christians and to native tribes
Cotton Mather
Puritan theologian who started popularization of inoculation (vaccination for smallpox), solidifying it as a common medical procedure in America by the 1750s
covenant
a Puritan belief that an individual's relationship with God and with others rested on mutual respect, duty, and consent
Englightenment
an intellectual movement that stressed the importance of science and reason in the pursuit of truth
evangelist
a devout person who aims to convert others to the faith through preaching and missionary work
Great Awakening
the first major American religious revival, begun in earnest in the 1730s
Harvard
the first college founded in America (1636)
humoralism
argued that the human body was governed by four "humors," yellow biles, black bile, blood, adn phlegm. If one is more than the other and unbalanced, you need to release the excess fluids or humors, often used as justification for bloodletting or purging
indentured servants
temporary servitude, where usually young white men bound themselves to masters for a certain amount of years (usually 4-5) in exchange for housing, clothing, food, and passage to the colonies. however, many weren't provided with these necessities and suffered
jeremiad
sermons of despair in Puritan churches where priests preached ominous sign of waning piety and religious strength
John Peter Zenger
New York publisher who published a print criticizing the government, and didn't end up facing persecution for it, started the precedent of more freedom for the press
Jonathan Edwards
a popular preacher from the Great Awakening, he spread word of God, attracting people to the ideas of the Puritan religion
middle passage
long transatlantic journey to the Americas, between west Africa and southern colonies or Caribbean, enslaved people in horrible conditions during the journey and afterwards
Salem Witchcraft Trials
time period during the 1680s-1690s where mass "hysteria" around witches and witchcraft in mainly Puritan communities was rampant. Many were accused of witchcraft and condemned to publicly hang or be executed in other tortuous ways, and notably most who were accused and executed were widowed or unmarried women
Scotch-Irish
Scotch Presbyterians who settled in northern Ireland, many eventually immigrating to the British colonies
Stono Rebellion
100 slaves banded together, seized weapons, killed several white people, and tried to escape south to Florida, however most were caught and executed
triangular trade
the trading paths between the colonies, Caribbean, England, and West Africa across the Atlantic, shipping and bartering raw materials, processed goods, crops, and slaves
Albany Plan
a treaty drawn up between the Iroquois Native Americans and delegates from the New England and middle colonies during the French and Indian war, nobody approved it
Benjamin Franklin
man who made scientific discoveries surrounding electricity and lightning, brought up issues of the Stamp Act with Parliament, Son of Liberty, negotiated with the French to gain much-need allies during the Revolutionary war
Boston Massacre
dockworkers (aka liberty boys) started pelting sentries at the customs house, eventually leading to soldiers firing and killing five people in the crowd that gathered. Many details are murky and propaganda spread in exaggerating the event, leading to more tensions
Coercive Acts
aka "Intolerable Acts," following the Boston Tea Party they established four acts of closing the port of Boston, stripping powers of self-government in Massachusetts, permitting royal officers in America to be tried for crimes in other colonies or GB, and colonists forced to quarter troops, made MA a martyr situation and sparked resistance
committees of correspondence
a loose intercolonial network of political organizations used to keep dissent spreading through the 1770s, publicized grievances against Britain
Creole
person of European ancestry born in the Americas
Daughters of Liberty
a women's organization who led the Tea Act boycott, sentiment and words of "rather than Freedom, we'll part with our Tea."
First Continental Congress
delegates from all colonies except Georgia met in 1774, creating five major decisions amidst the outrage of GBs actions in the colonies
Fort Necessity
a crude stockade built by George Washington and his men while in conflict with a French patrol on the way to Fort Duquesne, Washington surrendered, first conflict in the French and Indian war
French and Indian War
war from late 1750s to early 1760s, between the english and the french who were allied with the Iroquois tribe
George Grenville
prime minister appointed by George III in 1763, also imposed heavy restrictions and taxes on colonies to pay for cost of defending and administering the empire
George III
king of england from 1760-1820, lead the english in the american revolution, imposed heavy taxes and other legislative acts on the colonies which led to tensions, tried to establish a more absolute monarchy which backfired and created instability
impressment
British commanders forcibly enlisted colonists into the army (like a draft)
Iroquois Confederacy
five Native American indian nations who formed a powerful alliance to protect from threats to themselves and their tribes (comprised of the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, nad Oneida tribes)
Patrick Henry
planter and lawyer who made a speech to the House in 1765, called for Americans to have same rights as the British and spread the discontent of taxation without representation
Paxton Boys
a band of Pennsylvania frontiersmen who massacred Conestoga Native Americans in 1763-1764, pushback from the proclamation of 1763
Pontiac
chief who led a coalition of Native Americans to plan a united rebellion against British rule in the Ohio valley, continued to contest British control for decades to come
Proclamation of 1763
British declaration which forbade settlers to advance beyond the Appalachian mountains, tried to ease tensions between Native Americans and the english
Seven Years' War
two years into the conflict caused by the French and Indian war, its conflict expanded into Europe and other regions where it was renamed, British eventually won and gained power in the colonies due to their victory
Sons of Liberty
organized group of men who had forward thinking ideas and clandestine meetings, many key figures in the Revolutionary war were a part of this group
sovereignty
the authority to govern, many colonists had an issue with this and how they were governed, as British's governance in practice was heavily unpopular and rebelled against
Stamp Act
new tax applying to all the colonies, taxed every printed document including newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills, licenses, etc, set precedent of Britain raising revenue from the colonies without the consent of the colonial assemblies
Sugar Act
a series of tariffs and rules strictly enforced on imports and exports from the colonies, including sugar, molasses, timber, and iron
Tea Act
passed by Britain in 1773, game Britain's East India Company right to export merchandise directly to colonies without paying any of the regular taxes that were imposed on colonial importers, lead to extremely upset colonists who responded by boycotting tea
Townshend Duties
taxes imposed by Charles Townshend, taxed on various goods imported to the colonies from GB including lead, paint, paper, and tea in an attempt to calm colonial tensions and balance the dissent from the Quartering act. this backfired and faced extreme rejection
Virginia Resolves
Patrick Henry's resolutions on unjust taxation without representation by Britain
virtual representation
theory that every person part of the British empire was represented as a person under the crown's rule rather than a demographic, meaning the colonies, Ireland, and parts of London weren't literally represented in Parliament and had little to no voice in those matters
William Pitt
British secretary of state (future prime minister) brought the seven year's war fully under British control, planned military strategy, appointed commanders, and issued orders to the colonists (imposed impressment)
Abigail Adams
John Adams wife, pushed him to include the ideas of women and women's rights in the new constitution and foundations being created in the colonies
Articles of Confederation
Congress's original plans for a union, trying to build a strong federal government but had issues as the states were weak under a decentralized system
Battle of Fallen Timbers
battle between Miami Native Americans and US forces led by General Anthony Wayne, US defeated the Miami and forced them off their lands, as well as coercing them to sign treaties ceding their lands
Benedict Arnold
General for the rebels, seized Fort Ticonderoga to threaten takeover north towards Quebec, fought in North/New England colonies
Common Sense by Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine's pamphlet that encouraged people to use "common sense" and to seek complete independence from Britain, citing the fact that GB was overextending it's reach
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