Software Engineering - Lecture 2

1960s and 1970s

The system development life cycle was started in ___ as the first documented approach to computer systems development

system development life cycle

The first documented approach to computer systems development

thought about, planned, monitored, and completed

All the stages of development system are ________, _________, _________, and __________

system development life cycle

the process by which an information system comes to life and maintains its usefulness to a business as it moves from inception to replacement

system development life cycle

a phased approach to solving business problems

system development life cycle

Developed through the use of a specific cycle of analyst and user activities

system development life cycle

Each phase has unique user activities.

1. identifying problems, opportunities, and objectives
2. determining information requirements
3. analyzing system needs
4. designing the recommended system
5. developing and documenting software
6. testing and maintaining the system
7. implementing and evaluating the system

phases in system development life cycle

1 identifying problems

interviewing user management

1 identifying problems

summarizing the knowledge obtained

1 identifying problems

estimating the scope of the project

1 identifying problems

documenting the results

2 determining information requirements

interviewing and questionnaires

2 determining information requirements

sampling and investing hard data

2 determining information requirements

observe the decision maker's behavior and environment

2 determining information requirements

prototype

2 determining information requirements

learn the who, what, where, when, how, and why of the current system

3 analyzing system needs

create data flow, activity, or sequence diagrams

3 analyzing system needs

complete the data dictionary

3 analyzing system needs

analyze the structured decisions made

3 analyzing system needs

prepare and present the system proposal

4 designing the recommended system

design procedures for data entry

4 designing the recommended system

design the human-computer interface

4 designing the recommended system

design system controls

4 designing the recommended system

design database and/or files

4 designing the recommended system

design backup procedures

5 developing and documenting software

system analyst works with programmers to develop any original software

5 developing and documenting software

works with users to develop effective documentation

5 developing and documenting software

programmers design, code, and remove syntactical errors from computer programs

5 developing and documenting software

document software with help files, procedure manuals, and web sites with frequently asked questions

6 testing and maintaining the system

test the information system

6 testing and maintaining the system

system maintenance

6 testing and maintaining the system

maintenance documentation

7 implementing and evaluating the system

train users

7 implementing and evaluating the system

analyst plans smooth conversion from old system to new system

7 implementing and evaluating the system

review and evaluate system

agile

iterative and flexible, emphasizing continuous feedback and adaptation

waterfall

sequential and rigid, focusing on thorough planning and execution in predetermined stages

agile approach

iterative, with regular feedback intervals

waterfall approach

linear and sequential

agile documentation

relies on minimal documentation, focusing on self-organizing teams, and collaboration

waterfall documentation

relies heavily on detailed documentation to ensure all team members are on the same page

agile flexibility

highly flexible and adaptable to changes during the development

waterfall flexibility

less flexible and resistant to change once the project scope is defined

agile communication

emphasizes information communication with frequent interactions between individuals or small groups of stakeholders

waterfall communication

communication is more formal, with detailed communication plans and progress reports

agile testing

emphasizes incremental testing throughout the development process

waterfall testing

typically does testing at specific milestones, often towards the end of the project

exploration
planning
iterations to the first release
productionizing
maintenance

Five stages of agile development

requirement analysis
system design
implementation
testing
development
maintenance
review (agile)
launch

agile and waterfall model

documentation is required

sdlc is best for projects where thorough __________ at every phase.

structured approach

sdlc is ideal when systems need to be developed and tracked using a _________.

predictability

sdlc is useful when upper-level management prefers _______ and formal processes.

enough time and resources

sdlc is suitable if the project has _________ to go through all SDLC phases.

clear communication

sdlc is recommended when ___________ of system functionality is a priority.

evolving or unclear

agile is best for projects with _______ requirements.

customer feedback

agile is ideal when collaboration and ________ are essential throughout the process.

rapid delivery

agile is useful when ________ of working software is a priority.

adapt quickly to change

agile is suitable for teams that can ________.

iterative cycles

agile is recommended when working in short, _______ is feasible

well-defined

waterfall is best for projects with ____, stable requirements.

unlikely to change

waterfall is ideal when the full scope is known upfront and ___________

extensive planning

waterfall is useful when _________ and documentation are critical.

linear and sequential

waterfall is suitable for teams following a _________ development process.

strict deadlines

waterfall is recommended when _________ and compliance are involved.

fishbone diagram

systematically lists all of the possible problems that can occur.

Albert Humphrey

Swot analysis technique is credited by __

swot analysis

A planning tool used to understand Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project / business.

swot analysis

Used as framework for organizing and using data and information gained from situation analysis of internal and external environment

job holder
business unit
company

who needs swot analysis?

fishbone diagram

systematically lists all of the possible problems that can occur

team management

• assembling a team
• team communication strategies
• project productivity goals
• team member motivation

managing analysis and design

task leader

leads members to accomplish tasks

socio-emotional leader

concerned with social relationships

training
experience
learning why other projects have failed

project failures may be prevented by:

evaluate real-world challenges
suggest IT solution
identify system requirements, constraints
incorporate suitable modeling tools and techniques
create project plans

importance of project proposal

evaluate real-world challenges

to identify opportunities for resolution through information technology and systems.

suggest IT solution

effectively tackle organizational issues and fulfill stakeholder requirements.

identify system requirements, constraints

Inventory management, e-commerce platforms, and customer relationship management depend on IT for operational efficiency.

incorporate suitable modeling tools and techniques

to design information technology solutions and project plans.

create project plans

clearly outline project goals, break down tasks, establish timelines, and define milestones for the successful execution of information technology projects.