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intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems,and adapt

intelligence tests

method for assessing an individual's mental abilities and compares it with others

Charles Spearman General Intelligence

A general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities
- if you're good in one, you're good in others OR do we have specific abilities

factor analysis

statistical procedure to identify clusters of related items
- factor could be like math

Thurstone's primary mental abilities

disagreed witth Spearman, 7 clusters

Howard Gardner

Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages

savant syndrome

people who score low on IQ tests but have an exceptional specific skill

grit

passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long term goals
talent+grit\=success

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

Proposes three intelligence- Analytical, practical, and creative

Analytical intelligence

academic problem solving and computation

creative inteligence

imaginative and innovative problem solving

practical intelligence

street smarts and common sense

Emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
-high EQ: very social and self-aware

Does brain size correlate with intelligence?

yes; correlation of 0.33 AND associations with frontal and parietal lobes

IQ&Neural processing speed

Smart people use less energy to solve problems

gray matter and white matter

Brain cells and axons

Frances Galton

Intelligence is inherited
wrote "Hereditary Genius"

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Francis Binet

commissioned by french minster so he could place children in schools without teacher bias

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
ex: average 10 yr old has mental age of 10

Lewis Terman

revised Binet's IQ test- believed intelligence was genetic

Stanford Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

Intelligent Quotient

a person's mental age divided by chronological age and multipled by 100.

Average IQ score

100;
anything more than 130 is gifted
anything less than 70 intellectually disabled

Aptitude test

intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill
ex: college entrance exam

Achievement test

intended to measure what you have learned
ex: AP exam

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Most widely used intelligence test contains verbal and nonverbal

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)

Most widely used intelligence test for children

eugenics

The science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

All tests should be

Standardized, Reliable, Valid

Standardized

uniform testing procedues and comparing scores to a pre-tested sample group

Reliable

test yields consistent results

Valid

Test measures what it is intended to measure

Content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest
- driveres license test you have to have a sample driving test

Predictivee validity

succeess with which a test predicts the behavior it intends to
- intelligence testt predicts you to do well in academics

Normal Curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of data where most fall near the average

Flynn effect

James Flynn found that intelligence test performance throughout the world is improving as through time
- people get smarter as time goes

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longitudinal study

retesting the same cohortt(grp of people from a given time period), over a period of years
-test them when they are 14, 26, 32, etc( same age groups)
- intelligence remains stable or some increased

cross-sectional study

at one point and time researchers test and compare people of various ages
- some 10s, 20s, 30s in one point(different age groups)

Crystalized Intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
-vocab knowledge

Fluid Intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly

Why do inttelligent people live longer?

better education, better jobs, better health care

intellectual disability

Limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below AND difficulty adapting to demands of life (difficulty with language, understanding, etc)

Down syndrome

mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders
extra copy of chromosome 21

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Heritability

the amount of variation among individuals that we cna attribute to genes
- how genetic a particular trait is
- heritability of intelligence INCREASES with age

environmental influences

Environments that are not stimulating enough have a negative affect on the development of cognitive abilities.

Growth mindset

believing that your situation is flexible, and focusing on learning and improving.

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Gender and Intelligence

we are so much more alike than diff
males- better at spatial ability tests
females- better at detecting eemotions

evolutionary psychology

biological and social influences affect differences in life priorities

Stereotype threat

self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

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Psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

Dysfunctional

behaviors are maladaptiveI(interferes with work)

ADHD

a disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
-it is genetics

Is it overdiagnosed?

Skeptics say yes
others say no

Philippe Pinel

in France, insisted that madness is not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumne conditions
- should be treated humanely instead of like animals

Medical Model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's system for classifying psychological disorders
-in bio: to classify an animal as a amammaal there are several factors
-danger: preconceptions

David Rosenhan

went to hospital saying they heard voices despite being perfectly healthy.

Labeling psychological disorders

People get treated differently

Insanity and Responsibility

Society gets very mad when people who are mentally ill and commit a crime are committed to a hospital instead of prison

Immigrant paradox

compared with those who have recently immigrated, second or third generation Americans are at greater risk for mental illness

Risks

those who live in high poverty are most vulnerable & most likely to experience mental illness

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Anxiety disorders

characterized by distressing persistent anxiety or maladaptive bahviors that reduce anxiety

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
- may be unable to identify and deal with the causes

Panic disorder

anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

agoraphobia

the fear of wide open spaces, crowds, where one feels loss of control/panic

phobias

anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
-more about the reaction and memory of trauma
1 in 10 women, 1 in 20 men have PTSD

cause of PTSD

Genetic link- more sensitive limbic system
getting people to relive the trauma brings more harm

Postraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challengeing circumstances and life crises

Understanding anxiety

-a neutral stimulus becomes a learned one with an automatic involuntary response
-two parts of anxiety and classical conditioning process

Observational learning

learning by watching what others fear

Cognition

our interpretations of our experiences impact out anxiety greatly

how do genes matter in developing anxiety disorders

serotonin has been linked to anxiety, too much glutamate has beeen linked to brain's alarm centers becoming overactive

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

brain region that regulates actions and checks for erros is esp active in those with OCD

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mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Depression

Deeply discouraged about future, dissatisfied with lifee, socially isolated, etc
- number 1 reason people seek mental health services

major depressive disorder

person experiences, in absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with 5 or more symptoms. At least one has to be depressed mood OR loss of interest

persistent depressive disorder(dysthymia)

experience mildly depressed symptoms for at least 2 years + display regulation of appetite or sleep issues, etc

bipolar disorder

person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania
- week to week not day to day

mania

a mood disorder maked by hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
- over talkattive/fast

Bipolar 1

Classic condititons of high and low

bipolar 2

mildere version where patient has at least one episode of hypomania(elevated mood without psychosis)

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

occurs in childhood, marked with extreme irritability, anger, and frequent intense temper outbursts

understanding mood disorders

-depression is widespread across ALL cultures
-major depressive episodes are self-terminate- someone will never go to therapy butt. they will be fine- but therapy tends to speed recovery
-stressful events can trigger depression
-women are at double the risk

mood disorder- biological perspective

- depression and mood disorders are genetic
- bipolar 7 in 10 chance
- MDD is 37% heritable
-serotonin is important in depression
-norepinephrine is lower in depressed brain and overabundant during a manic episodce

mood disorders- social cognitive perspective

-depressed people view life through a negative explanatory style including low self-esteem
-leads to learned helplessness leading to depressive symptoms (more in women)

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
-women more than men

stable stage

not changing
"will never get over this breakup"

global stage

"wout my bf, I can't seem to do anything right"

Internal stage

"our breakup was all my fault"