History - Anatomy Physiology 1

Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 375 bce)

The father of medicine

• He and his followers established a code of ethics for physicians, the Hippocratic Oath, which is still recited in modern form by graduating physicians at some medical schools.

• He urged physicians to stop attributing disease to the activities of gods and demons and to seek their natural causes, which could afford the only rational basis for therapy.

Aristotle (384–322 bce)

was one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology.

He believed that diseases and other natural events could have either supernatural causes and natural causes

Metrodora (c. 200 bce)

a Greek female physician, wrote On the Diseases and Cures of Women, the oldest medical text known to be written by a woman

Physici

natural-caused disease

Theologi

Supernatual-caused disease

Book of Aristotle

On the Parts of Animals, Aristotle aimed to

identify unifying themes in nature. Among other points, he argued

that complex structures are built from a smaller variety of simple

components

Claudius Galen (129–c. 200)

physician to the Roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era—a book worshipped to excess by medical professors for centuries to follow

influenza

Italian for influence

Moses Ben Maimon

Maimonides in Christendom Born in Spain

• he fled to Egypt at age 24 to escape antisemitic persecution.

• There he served the rest of his life as physician to the court of the sultan, Saladin.

• wrote voluminously on Jewish law and theology, but also wrote 10 influential medical books and numerous treatises on specific diseases.

Ibn Sina

• known in the West as Avicenna or “the Galen of Islam.”

• He studied Galen and Aristotle, combined their findings with original discoveries, and questioned authority when the evidence demanded it

• Avicenna’s textbook, The Canon of Medicine, was a leading authority in European medical schools for over 500 years.

Andreas Vesalius (1514–64)

• taught anatomy in Italy

• he broke with tradition by coming down from the

  cathedra and doing the dissections himself.

• He was quick to point out that much of the anatomy in Galen’s books was wrong, and he was the first to publish accurate illustrations for teaching anatomy

Cathedra

Professors that are sitted on a higher chair reading Galen’s or Aristotle’s work

Barber-surgeon

Removes organs, doing the dissection

Barber pole

Red symbolize blood

White symbolize bandage

Blue symbolize veins

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

The book of Andreas Vesalius (On the Structure of the Human Body), in 1543. This book began a rich tradition of medical illustration

Gray’s Anatomy

William Harvey

• studies of blood circulation and a little book he published in 1628, known by its abbreviated title De Motu Cordis (On the Motion of the Heart)

• Harvey lived to a ripe old age, served as physician to the kings of England, and later did important work in embryology.

• Harvey’s contributions represent the birth of experimental physiology—the method that generated most of the information in this book.

Michael Servetus

With William harvey, were the first Western scientists to realize that blood must circulate continuously around the body, from the heart to the other organs and back to the heart again.

This flew in the face of Galen’s belief that the liver converted food to blood, the heart pumped blood through the veins to all other organs, and those organs consumed it

Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)

patented the compound microscope as a by-product of his work with telescopes. This was essentially a telescope for viewing very tiny objects—a tube with a lens at each end: an objective lens near the specimen and an ocular lens (eyepiece) near the viewer’s eye, which magnified the first image

still further

Marcelo Malpighi (1628–94)

• who was among the first to observe blood cells and capillaries as well as capillary blood flow

• He published his descriptions in 1661 and is remembered as the father of histology (microscopic anatomy).

Robert Hooke

• who designed scientific instruments of various kinds, improved the optics, and invented several of the helpful features found in microscopes today—a stage to hold the specimen, an illuminator, and coarse and fine focus controls.

• His microscopes magnified only about 30 times,

  but with them, he was the first to see and name cells

Origin of the word Cellulae

In 1663, he observed thin shavings of cork and observed that they “consisted of a great many little boxes,” which he called cellulae

(little cells) after the cubicles of a monastery

Micrographia

the first comprehensive book of microscopy

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)

• Dutch textile merchant, invented a simple (single-lens) microscope, originally for the purpose of examining the weave of fabrics

• His microscope was a beadlike lens mounted in a metal plate equipped with a movable specimen clip

• Even though his microscopes were simpler than Hooke’s, they achieved much greater useful magnification (up to 200×) owing to Leeuwenhoek’s superior lens-making technique

• Out of curiosity, he examined a drop of lake water and was astonished to find a variety of microorganisms—“little animalcules,” he called them, “very prettily a-swimming.”

• Leeuwenhoek began submitting his observations to the Royal Society of London in 1673. He was praised at first, and his observations were eagerly read by scientists, but enthusiasm for the microscope didn’t last

Limitations of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek’s microscope

The Hooke and Leeuwenhoek microscopes produced poor images with blurry edges (spherical aberration) and rainbow-like distortions (chromatic aberration).

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

concluded that all organisms were composed of cells