Properties of Life

Homeostasis

The ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions, including thermoregulation for body temperature.

Order

Containing multiple levels of structures, seen in multicellular and single-celled organisms.

Sensitivity

The ability to respond to an outside stimulus.

Energy Processing

The use of a source of energy for metabolic activities by living organisms.

Reproduction

Passing DNA containing genes to offspring, resulting in similar characteristics to parents.

Adaptation

Organisms' ability to 'fit' in their environment.

Growth & Development

Genes providing instructions that direct growth and development.

Regulation

Necessary for coordinating internal functions, such as transporting nutrients and coping with environmental stressors.

the three domains of life

A phylogenetic tree, or phylogeny, is a diagram showing evolutionary relationships among species based on similarities and differences in genetic material or physical traits or both - All life on earth has evolved from 3 lineages: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

the steps of the scientific method

Make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis that answers the question, make a prediction based on the hypothesis, do an experiment to test the prediction, analyze the results, report results.

the difference between hypotheses and theories how to form a testable hypothesis

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or educated guess that can be tested through research, while a theory is a well-established explanation supported by substantial evidence from repeated testing

differences between prokaryotic & eukaryotic major cell organelles & their functions

Prokaryotic Cells: - a simple, single-celled organism that does not contain a nucleus or any membrane-bound organelle - predominately in Archaea and Bacteria domains - prokaryotic DNA is found in a darkened region called the nucleoid - flagella: used for locomotion - pili: used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction - fimbriae: used to attach to other cells Eukaryotic Cells: - a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles which have special functions - includes plant cells, animal cells, fungi, and protists - the word eukaryotic means "true nucleus" - cilia: short, hair-like structures that can move the entire cell or structures that touch the outer surface of the cell - flagella: one long, hair-like structure that can be used to move the entire cell - organelles have specialized cellular functions, similar to how organs in the body have specialized functions - eukaryotic cells have more complex structures than prokaryotic Cells

how cells obtain useful energy

cellular respiration

Kinetic energy

energy associated with objects in motion is known

potential energy

energy held by an object because of its position relative to other objects

Mitosis

cell division for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

meiosis

cell division for sexual reproduction

sexual reproduction

diploid organisms with haploid gametes (eggs and sperm)

Mendelian inheritance

dominance and recessiveness, segregation, independent assortment, predicting genotypes from phenotypes, predicting the outcome of single-trait crosses variation, natural selection, adaptation, and evolution

Chloroplast

The process of photosynthesis occurs inside plant cell organelles

Photosynthesis

the process that plants use to turn solar energy into usable chemical energy

the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthesis makes oxygen, glucose and respiration takes those and makes carbon dioxide, water, energy and then photosynthesis takes those. It's a circle.

Genome

is all the genetic information of an organism - it is the instruction manual that provides all the information an organism need to function

Chromosomes

in eukaryotes, the genome is made up of several double-stranded, linear DNA molecules bound with proteins to form complexes

Genes

homologous chromosomes are the same length and have the same specific DNA segments in the exact same location

Alleles

different versions of a gene, or a DNA sequence, at a specific location on a chromosome