Physical Science EOC Study Set

electron cloud

a visual model of the most likely locations for the electrons in an atom

Lewis Dot Diagram

Diagram of an atom, ion or molecule in which each dot represents a valence electron

Proton

positive charge

Neutron

no charge

electron

negatively charged particle

atom

Smallest particle of an element

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

periods

Horizontal rows on the periodic table

1st energy level can hold

max of 2 electrons

2nd energy level can hold

up to 8 electrons

3rd energy level

18 electrons

groups

Vertical columns on the periodic table

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell

noble gases

Group 18

ionic

metal and nonmetal, transfer of electrons

aqueous, high melting point, crystaline solid

covalent bond

nonmetal and nonmetal, shared electrons, solid liquid or gas, low melting point

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

criss cross method

Using the crisscross method, the resulting compound can be written by transferring the oxidation \# of each atom to the other, and writing them as a subscript. (IONIC)

two nonmetals

metal comes first, use prefixes to indicate the number of atoms for each element, change the ending of the second element to "ide"

isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

fission

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy.

fusion

coming together

Nuclear Energy Pros

Produces a lot of energy; does not cause pollution

nuclear energy cons

Environmental impact, radioactive waste disposal.

half-life

length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to decay

solid

Definite shape and volume

liquid

indefinite shape and definite volume- takes the shape of the container

gas

indefinite shape and indefinite volume-

plasma

high energy gaseous state of matter

melting

solid to liquid

Vaporization

Liquid to gas

sublimation

solid to gas

condensation

Gas to liquid

freezing

liquid to solid

deposition

gas to solid

what is c-d

liquid

Gas Laws: Boyle's Law

↑ Higher Temp. \= ↑ Increased Volume

Gas Laws: Charles Law

↑ Higher Temp. \= ⬇ Decreased Volume

Gas Laws: Gay-Lussac's Law

↑ Higher Temp. \= ↑ Increased Pressure

Synthesis

combination

Decomposition

AB-\>A+B

Single Replacement

A + BC --\> B + AC

double replacement

AB + CD \= AD + CB

law of conversation of mass

the law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes

reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction

products

Ending materials in a chemical reaction.

solute

Substance being dissolved

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

supersaturated solution

contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution at the same temperature (above the line of the solubility curve)

saturated

Containing the highest amount of substance (ON THE LINE OF THE SOLUBILITY CURVE)

Unsaturated

A solution that contains less than the maximum amount of dissolved solute in a concentration. (below the line on the solubility curve)

Concentration

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent

Solubility

The ability to dissolve in another substance

solubility curve

A graph showing the solubility of a substance at various

temperatures

acids

substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

bases

Compounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

What is acids pH level?

less than 7

What is a bases pH level?

greater than 7

What are the characteristics of acids?

They taste sour, and are often in food. turns litmus red

what are characteristics of bases?

Bitter, OH-, electrolyte, slippery, turns litmus blue

mechanical energy

the energy associated with the motion and position of everyday objects

thermal/heat energy

Energy given off as heat (friction).

chemical energy

A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.

electromagnetic energy

The energy of light and other forms of radiation.

light energy

produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles

sound energy

Energy caused by an object's vibrations

electrical energy

Energy caused by the movement of electrons.

nuclear energy

Energy stored in the nucleus of an atom

the law of energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

what's the most common waste energy?

Heat energy

direction of heat transfer

hot to cold

conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

convection

The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid

radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

specific heat capacity

the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree celcius

formula for specific heat

q\=mc∆T

what does force cause

move, accelerate, change speed, or direction

balanced forces

Equal forces acting on an object in opposite directions

unbalanced forces

forces acting on an object that combine and form a net force that is not zero

speed

The distance an object travels per unit of time

Velocity

the speed and direction of a moving object

Acceleration

rate of change of velocity

distance time graph

A visual representation of the speed of an object

speed time graph

A visual representation of the acceleration of an object

Ways to change acceleration

speed up, slow down, change direction

first law of motion

an object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in motion with the same direction and speed

second law of motion

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a mass.

third law of motion

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

work

Force exerted on an object that causes it to move

mechanical advantage

the number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it

simple machines

a machine with few moving parts, making it easier to do work (there are 6: lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, wedge, and screw)

Amplitude

Height of a wave

Wavelength

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

wave speed

the speed at which a wave travels through a medium

transverse wave

A wave that moves the medium in a direction perpendicular to the direction in which the wave travels