ANAT<3

two struc

DNA structure

two strands that make a helix

RNA structure

single strand of nucleotides, very long

ATP stucture

3 phosphate, Nitrogenous base, RNA nucleotide

Why is ATP called the cells energy currency

it acts as the primary molecule used to store and transfer energy within a cell

sugar molecules; a macronutrient found in food and drinks that provide energy for the body

description of carbohydrates

fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in polar solvents such as water; hydrophobic small molecules

description of lipids

essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs

description of proteins

large biomolecules, composed of chains of smaller units called nucleotides

description of nucleic acids

the simplest form of sugar, considered the basic building block of carbohydrates, which cannot be further broken down into smaller sugar units

description of monosaccharides

the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage

description of disaccharides

a complex carbohydrate molecule composed of long chains of simple sugar units (monosaccharides) linked together by glycosidic bonds

description of polysaccharides

a molecule that consists of two amino acids joined together by a peptide bond

dipeptide

molecules that combine to form proteins

amino acids

link that connects two amino acids together within a protein chain

peptide bond

A substance that contains many amino acids

polypeptide

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies

enzymes

triglycerides has

a glycerol backbone esterified with three fatty acids.

saturated has

a carbon chain with only single bonds between each carbon atom

unsaturated has

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

Phospholipids has

a phosphate group on one end, called the “head,” and two side-by-side chains of fatty acids that make up the lipid “tails. ”

wax has

esters made up of an alcohol chain and a fatty acid chain

steroids has

a 4 ring structure, found in cell membrane, act as hormones in the body

chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

chemical element

list the subatomic particles;

describe their relative masses,

charges and positions in the atom

Protons: 1.007, Positively charged, in the nucleus.

Neutrons: 1,008, Neutral particles (no charge), in the nucleus.

Electrons: 5.45 x 10^ -4 Negatively charged, orbit the nucleus

the smallest unit of matter, like a tiny building block, that makes up everything around us, including our bodies

atom

the total weight of an atom, essentially the combined mass of its protons and neutrons

atomic mass

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

isotopes

An unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable.

radioisotope

difference between ionic and covalent bonds

If a compound is made from metal and a nonmetal, its bonding will be ionic.

if a compound is made from two nonmetals, its bonding will be covalent.

ionic and covalent bonds contrasted from hydrogen bonds

Ionic bonds are the attraction of two opposite charges. A covalent bond is made of joined hydrogen atoms.

Hydrogen bonds are the attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.

compare and contrast polar and nonpolar compounds

nonpolar covalent bond is a bond that involves equally shared electrons

polar covalent bonds are asymmetric sharing of electrons.

how are dehydration synthesis reactions and hydrolysis reactions are important in metabolism

primary mechanisms used to build up and break down large biological molecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

stands for "potential of hydrogen”; measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is, using a scale from 0 to 14, values where below 7 are acidic, 7 is neutral, and values above 7 are basic

explanation of the concept of pH

compare the functional rules of neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes in the body

Neutral fats primarily function as energy storage molecules

phospholipids form the structural backbone of cell membranes

steroids act as signaling molecules and regulate various bodily functions

waxes provide a protective barrier on body surfaces like skin and hair due to their water-repellent properties

contrast structural and functional proteins

Provide structure and support to cells, tissues, and organisms. They include collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin, which help shape hair, skin, nails, and bones.

Perform specific biological functions in the body, such as transporting molecules, storing molecules, and providing immune protection. They include hemoglobin, insulin, and enzymes.

ability to increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, or energy toll, required for the reaction to occur.

description of the mechanism of enzyme activity

compare and contrast DNA and RNA

DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is single-stranded. DNA is also much longer than RNA.

consumed for energy in processes including ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and chemical synthesis; serving as a usable storage form of free energy.

the role of ATP in cell metabolism

It acts as a building material, as a carrier for nutrients and waste products, and as a lubricant and shock absorber.

why we need water

properties of water

high heat capacity-ability to retain heat and regulate body temperature

cushioning-hypodermis provides physical cushioning to any medical trauma

high heat of vaporization-takes a lot of energy to turn water from liquid to gas.

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; sugar molecules

carbohydrates

large, complex molecules that play many important roles in the body

proteins

the amount of enzyme needed to catalyze a chemical reaction under specific conditions

enzyme activity

a nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a nitrogenous base, RNA nucleotide, 3 phosphates

ATP

R=CH2-CH2-COOH

H2N-C-COOH

^H

amino acid

ATP

carbohydrate (monosaccharide)

carbohydrate (disaccharide)

carbohydrate (polysaccharide)

nucleic acid

saturated fat

unsaturated fat

1+2=3+?

glucose + fructose= sucrose + H2O

why study organic compounds

all living things are made up of organic compounds

by joining monomers, or single molecules, together in a long chain

how macromolecules are formed

a process called hydrolysis

how macromolecules are disassembled

what is the relationship between these two terms monosaccharide and polysaccharide

polysaccharides are composed of 3 or more monosaccharides linked together

name and describe two storage polysaccharides

starch, found in plants

glycogen, found in water

name and describe two structural polysaccharides

cellulose, found in plant cell walls

chitin, found in exoskeletons of insects and some cell walls of fungi

every amino acid has four characteristic components list the four parts of an amino acid

a central carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and R group

how are enzymes and catalysts different

enzymes are organic in nature; where catalysts are inorganic compounds

enzyme activity

1 substrates

down arrow substrates enter active site of enzyme

2 enzyme

3 enzyme-substrate complex /enzyme-product complex

4 enzyme

up arrow products leave active site of enzyme

5 products

lock and key

blue enzyme

orange substrate

blueorange enzyme-substrate complex

glucose

fructose

sucrose