The Cell Cycle

Flashcards covering key concepts from Chapter 12 of Campbell Biology on The Cell Cycle.

Somatic Cells

Body cells produced through mitosis, containing 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

Homolog

Each member of a chromosome pair.

Diploid (2n)

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes, totaling 46 in humans.

Haploid (n)

A cell with a single set of chromosomes, totaling 23 in gametes (sperm and egg).

Cell Cycle

The sequence of phases in the life cycle of a cell, consisting of growth, preparation for division, and division into two daughter cells.

Interphase

The longest part of the cell cycle, which includes G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

Mitosis

The process of cell division where one parent cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells.

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm, producing two daughter cells after mitosis.

G1 Phase

The first growth phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows rapidly and synthesizes new organelles.

S Phase

The synthesis phase where the cell's DNA is copied and each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

G2 Phase

The second growth phase where the nucleus prepares for division and centrioles replicate.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where chromosomes shorten and thicken, and the nuclear membrane disappears.

Metaphase

The phase where spindle fibers align chromosomes in the middle of the cell (metaphase plate).

Anaphase

The phase where sister chromatids are pulled apart towards opposite ends of the cell by spindle fibers.

Telophase

The phase where the nuclear membrane reforms, nucleolus reappears, and chromosomes uncoil.

Cancer Cells

Cells that do not heed normal signals regulating the cell cycle, leading to uncontrolled division and growth.

Malignant Tumors

Cancerous tumors that invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize to other parts of the body.