Protists, Fungi, plants and animals

Protists characteristics

All protists are eukaryotes - Some reproduce asexually by mitosis while others share genetic information via meiosis.

-Protist are all found in moist environments

3 types of protists

protozoans, algae, slime molds

Protozoans characteristics

Animal-like: eukaryotic, single-celled, obtains food by ingesting it, through eating

Algae characteristics

Plant like: Unicellular or multicellular

Photosynthetic

Some are motile

Sexual (via gametes) or asexual reproduction

Cell wall contains cellulose

Slime Molds Characteristics

Fungi like: Multicellular (colonies) AND unicellular

Move with pseudopodia

Mainly found in soil

Flagella protozoa

Long tail-like structure

cillia protozoa

tiny hair-like structures

Sarcodines (amoeba)

Move and engulf their prey by producing "false feet" from cytoplasm called pseudopodia

Ciliates

a type of protozoa that moves using hairlike cilia

Flagella

A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility.

Sporozoans

group of parasitic protozoans of the phylum Sporozoa that reproduce by spore production

How is malaria transmitted?

1. mosquitos bites a person and a parasite passes through the blood stream

2. The parasite invades and reproduces in the liver

3. The spores reproduce in blood, causing blood cell rupture

How do algae obtain energy?

-Obtain food through photosynthesis

Are algae unicellular or multicellular?

-Can be unicellular, some live in colonies and few are multicellular

Where is algae found?

-They are found in all-natural bodies of water and produce the most oxygen on earth

Is algae important

-Algae are the base of food chains and the most important food source for aquatic organisms

Is algae a plant?

no it is a multicellular protist

Can algae move?

No, most float in the water

Diatoms

A unicellular photosynthetic alga with a unique glassy cell wall containing silica

used in toothpaste

Dinoflagellates

photosynthetic unicellular protist with two flagella, one whiplash and the other located within a groove between protective cellulose plates; significant part of phytoplankton

Euglenoids

Small freshwater unicellular organisms; difficult to classify; have 2 flagellae and an eyespot; have chloroplasts surrounded by 3 rather than 2 membranes

slime molds

heterotrophs, absorbing nutrients from decomposing organic materials, fungus-like

Cell wall contain cellulose

Reproduce by using spores

Fungi characteristics

1. Heterotrophic

2. Eukaryotic

3. Chitin-Based Cell wall

4. Most fungi are made up of filaments called Hyphae

5. Reproduce asexual and sexually

Hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi

absorbs nutrients from the environment

Mycelium

mass of hyphae

Yeast is

only unicellular fungi

How does yeast reproduce?

budding

Fungal Reproduction

asexual and sexual

asexual reproduction in fungi

Hyphae breaks off & grows on its own or Sporangia release spores that scatter & grow

Sexual reproduction in fungi

spores are formed following fusion of two different strains and formation of sexual structure

imperfect fungi

any fungi in which sexual reproduction has not been observed

chytrid fungus

Unicellular mostly, Aquatic species, spores have flagella

Can be parasites or live on decaying plants or insects

Stolons

A horizontal above-ground stem that takes root at various intervals.

Zygospore

resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of a mold's life cycle

Sporangiospores

Spores formed in a sac (sporangium)

sac fungi

The largest group of fungi

Reproduce asexually and sexually during their life cycles

Most are multicellular

Yeast is the exception

club fungi

Found in fairy rings, tree trunks and puffballs

basidiospores

Spores produced in the basidia of basidiomycetes during sexual reproduction

importance of fungi

Antibiotics (Penicilin)

They are natural recyclers

Can act as biological insecticides

Used to avoid rejection of transplant organ

Lichens

small plants that consist of algae and fungi

Mycorrhizae

A mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus

Cyclosporine

Immunosuppressant

Plant Characteristics

1) eukaryote 2) autotrophs 3) multicellular

4) cell walls with cellulose 5) can reproduce asexually or sexually 6) not motile

Aquatic ancestor of plants

Plant evolved 500 million years ago from Green algae

Advantages of living on land

Greater availability of light

Greater availability to nessacary gasses (ex. Carbon dioxide)

Cons of living on land

Risk of dehydration

Predation from other animals

Competition between species

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

seedless vascular plants

Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Mosses

soft, small, green and nonvascular and are found on the ground near water

Ferns

Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores.

Evolutionary story of plants

1. Start with mosses that evolved from algae, they could photosynthesis but are non vascular plants, they depended on water to reproduce.

2. After there is ferns, the have vascular tissues, unlike mosses. But like mosses they still depended on water for reproduction.

3. Seed were a big advancement for plants, the only thing is that the seeds were naked.

4.Finally, this is the most successful group of plants, their seeds are protected inside the flower.

What are flowers and fruit for

Flowers are reproductive structures

Are plants asexual or sexual?

both, they uses gametes for seual reproduction

Animals characteristics

All animals are:

-Eukaryotic

-multicellular

-heterotrophs

-lack cell wall

Most animals are:

-reproduce sexually

-Have cells organized into tissue

-Developed blastula

-Are diploid (1 copy from each parent)

Blastula

The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development

Sessile

An organism that does not move. It remains attached to one place.

Coelmate

true body cavity

Acoelomate

no body cavity