Human Anatomy BIO 2340 Quiz #6 Ch 25: Respiratory, Ch 26: Digestive

Functions of the Repsoratory System

1. Air passageway

2. Gas exchange

3. Gas conditioning

4. Detection of odors

5. Sound production

Upper Repsiratory Tract Organs

1. Nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Pharynx

Lower Respiratory Tract Organs

1. Larynx

2. Trachea

3. Bronchus

4. Bronchiole

5. Terminal bronchiole

Tissue of Nasal Cavity & Paranasal Sinuses

Pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelium

Tissue of nasopharynx (pharynx)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Tissue of oropharynx

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Tissue of laryngophaynx

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

1st Larynx Major Cartilage

Thyroid Cartilage:

• Largest cartilage

• No posterior wall

• Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple")

2nd Larynx Major Cartilage

Cricoid Cartilage:

• Inferior to thyroid cartilage

• Complete ring shape

3rd Larynx Major Cartilage

Epiglottic Cartilage:

• Flap-like structure that covers the trachea during swallowing (Deglutition)

Minor Cartilage of Larynx

1. Arytenoid

2. Corniculate

3. Cuneiform

Sound Production

Tissue type of trachea (windpipe)

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

1° Bronchi
1. innervate what?
2. how many in each?

1. Innervates lungs

2. Right (1) Left (1)

2° Bronchi
1. innervate what?
2. how many in each?

1. Innervates lung lobes

2. Right (3) Left (2)

3° bronchi
1. innervate what
2. how many in each?

1. Bronchopulmonary Segment

2. Right (10) Left (8-10)

Tissue type of Bronchioles

Simple ciliated columnar epithelium

Alveoli
site of _______

Gas exchange

Alveolar type I cell

1. Function

2. Tissue

1. Rapid diffusion of gasses

2. Simple squamous epithelium

Alveolar type II cel

1. Function

1. Secrete pulmonary surfactant, coats surface of alveoli to prevent collapse

Alveolar macrophage
1. function

Engulf microorganisms that are in alveolus

Alveoli - Respiratory Membrane

• Fused basement membrane of both cells

• Type I alveolar cell & pulmonary capillary cell

Conducting Portion Structures

1. Paranasal Sinuses

2. Nasal Cavity

3. Pharynx

4. Larynx

5. Trachea

6. Bronchi

7. Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory Portion Structures

1. Respiratory Bronchioles

2. Alveolar Ducts

3. Alveoli

Lungs & Pleura

1. visceral pleura

2. pleural cavity

3. parietal pleura

Mediastinal surface of Lung

Hillum (Root)

• Bronchi

• Pulmonary vessels

• Lymphatic vessels

• Nerves

Left Lung

• 2 Lobes

• Cardiac impression (heart_

• Oblique Fissure

Right Lung

• 3 lobes

• Oblique and horizontal fissure

• Superior, middle, and inferior lobes

Blood going to alveoli through pulmonary

Pulmonary arteries

Blood going to alveoli (high or low?) in oxygen

Low in oxygen

Blood leaving the alveoli through pulmonary

Pulmonary vein

Blood leaving the alveoli (high or low?) in oxygen

High in oxygen

Blood going to bronchi through pulmonary

Bronchial arteries

Blood going to bronchi (high or low?) in oxygen

The blood going to the bronchi via the bronchial arteries is high in oxygen because it originates from the aorta

Blood leaving the bronchi through pulmonary

Bronchial veins

Blood leaving the bronchi (high or low?) in oxygen

low in oxygen

Superior nasal concha

Middle nasal concha

Inferior nasal concha

Pharyngeal tonsil

Opening of auditory tube

Uvula

Palatine tonsil

Palatine tonsil

Epiglottis

Esophagus

Hyoid Bone

Thyroid Cartilage

Cuneiform

Corniculate

Arytenoid

Cricoid

Tracheal Cartilage

Vocal ligament

Vestibular ligament

Thyroid cartilage again

Epiglottis

Right Lung

3 lobes

1

3

10

Left Lung

2 lobes

1

2

10-8

Cardiac notch/fissure

GI Tract (deepest)

• epithelium type?

Mucosa

• Simple columnar epithelium w/microvili (except esophagus)

• Capillaries: Areolar CT (Lamina propia)

• Muscularis mucosa :Thin layer of smooth muscle

GI Tract (2nd Deepest, 3rd superficial)

Submucosa

• Larger blood & lymph vessels

• submucosal nerve plexus

GI Tract (2nd layer)

Muscularis

• 2 layers smooth muscle

  • Inner circular (circumference)

  • Outer longitudinal (lengthwise)

• Myenteric nerve plexus

GI (Superficial)

Serosa/Adventitia

• Areolar CT, collagen

Oral Cavity
a. function
b. tissue type?

• Ingestion

• Digestion (Mechanical and chemical)

  • Tongue, teeth, saliva

• Stratified squamous epithelium (non-keratinized)

Salivary glands

• function

• names of glands

• Moisten food into bolus, digestion of starch

• Parotid – largest

• Submandibular – secretes the most saliva (65%)

• Sublingual- small, multiple ducts

Pharynx

• tissue type

• uvula function during deglutition

• Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

• Uvula seals off nasopharynx during swallowing

Esophagus

a. function
b. tissue type
c. *exception to histology layers

• propulsion (involuntary)

• Stratified squamous epithelium non-keratinized

• Mized in skeletal muscle for strength to swallow

Stomach
a. function
b. *exception to histology layers

• Bolus chemically and mechanically digested

• 3 instead of 2 muscularis layers

  • added oblique (diagonal) layer

• Bolus becomes chyme (more liquid)

Small Intestine

Absorbs 90% f nutrients and water

simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

Segmented & peristalsis

Small intestine - duodenum

• 5% of length

• Major duodenal papilla: bile and pancreatic juice mixer

Jejunum

• most digestion & absorption occurs here

• 35% of length

Ileum

• connects to cecum

• 60% of length

Small intestine - Surface area

• circular folds: speed bumps

• villi

• microvilli: brush border

Large intestine

• Function

• *exception to histology layers
  

• Absorption of water from reaming chyme to turn into feces

• defecation

• Teniae coli - reduced outer longitudinal layer of muscularis (segmentation)

Liver

a. functions
b. ducts

• produce and secretes bile

  • emulsify fat

• detoxifies

• Left/right haptic duct converges to common hepatic duct

Gallbladder

a. functions
b. ducts

• Inferior surface of liver

• stores, concentrates, and release bile that liver produces

• Cystic duct

Pancreas

a. functions
b. ducts

• Endocrine: insulin and glucagon

• Exocrine: pancreatic juice

  • Mucin, digestive enzymes & bicarbonate (neutralizes acidic chyme from stomach)

• Main pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct towards major duodenal papilla

Esophagus

Cardia

Less Curvature

Pyloric Sphincter

Duodenum

Pylorus

Gastric Folds

Body

Greater curvature

Left and right hepatic duct

Cystic duct

Gallbladder

Duodenum

Major duodenal papilla

Main pancreatic duct merges with common bile duct

Main pancreatic duct

Pancreas

Common bile duct

Hepatic duct