Latin America P3 AP World History

Vocab (Colonialism 1492 - 1810)

viceroys - administer for the king

peninsulare - highest noble class

audiencias - keep an eye on vice roys

creole - descendants of conquistadors

• mostly live on haciendas

mestizo - european + indigenous mix

zambo - indigenous and african, slaves

land segmented into huge territories

viceroys control central location but creole has lots of decentralized power

villages controlled by mestizo + indigeous - Republic de Indios (self segregated, sovereign communities)

encomienda system - forced labor, debt peonage/share cropping - provide crops instead of labor

• collect once a year, little supervision

Independence movements

1811 - 1830

Creoles adopt enlightenment ideals - Spain shouldnt control them

• inspired by american revolution

• napoleonic wars have weakened spain - perfect time to rebel

• simon bolivar

• monroe doctrine (1823) - us says europe must now STAY OUT

simon bolivar

creole, wants freedom + equality (for wealthy landowners)

goes all around latin america to inspire + support revolts

SINCE HE’S A CREOLE, HE HAS BETTER SUCCESS LEADING THESE BC HES SPANISH DESCENT

political fragmentation

1830 - present

Pan-American State - unified, Bolivar’s dream

• Creoles dont wanna lose their independence, wealth, power

• distrust + dislikes of strong central government/capitals

• nationalism, want to be individual identity

Caudillos

Caudillos

formerly known as creoles (post-independence)

regional warlords - rivals

block political + land reform - refuse enlightenment

lower class missed out - no enlightenment influence, no suffrage/land

Colonial economy

spanish control: raw materials, markets - Spain gets rich, Latin america gets poor

encomienda system - form of serfdom

• debt peonage - pay rent to be on the land

• rent too high, pay in crops, cattle, labor - always in debt

Slavery for africans

• chattel - can be bought, sold, killed, etc

Post revolutions Labor systems

slavery gradually outlawed (enlightenment influence)

• free - debt peonage - no suffrage

Labor needs

Chinese - migrate bc poor working conditions in China, cheap labor in caribbean+ brazil (sugar)

Italians - no work in the winter, migrate by boat to Argentina

South Asia - desperate situations at home, indentured servants

Natives/mestizos- debt peonage on creole land, wage system under US/British companies

post revolution economy (dependent economies)

dependent economies

• US/British corporations move in, buy land for cash crops —> sell in US or L.A.

Latin america doesnt industrialize

why latin america doesnt industrialize (economies)

• weak central control, no tariffs, cheaper goods coming in

• no middle class

• raw materials - silver, copper, sugar, cattle, etc

• sell to others then have to buy finished product for more

• wealth leaves the country

Haiti

french colony

african slaves to grow sugar

Gen de Couleurs

French revolution draws away the french leaders

• creoles resent the control + take it themselves, inspired by american revolution

Gen de Couleurs

free African haitans

mixed race, marooned, freed, etc

have the same idea - some even fought in american revolution

Touissant Louverture - leads slave rebellion

Slave rebellion in Haiti

led by Touissant Louverture

the only successful slave rebellion in Americas

France is no help (Napoleonic wars)

plantation owners outnumbered

enlightenment strikes again - social + political revolution

Mexico

Enlightenment inspired

• creoles rise up + throw out peninsulares

• mestizos + slaves still no rights

• slaves free

Spain weak from napoleonic wars

• local Caudillos rule with weak central government and power struggles

Santa Anna

Benito Juarez

Santa Anna

1822-1850

loses 1/3 of Mexico to America in Mexican-American war (1846-48)

Benito Juarez

1850-1861

La Reforma - enlightenment

land reform + suffrage (increases democracy)

limits military + church rule/influence

France shows up in Mexico

Maximilan (1862-67) - King, ends La Reforma

brings back military + church - anti-enlightenment

violating Monroe doctrine but USA busy fighting civil war

Mexcians rise up and rebel

1867 - 1911

conservative rule

caudillo system again

Porfino Diaz

doesnt wanna be invaded again

invests, modernizes

american corporations buy the land, pay low wages + make money from crops/oil

Mexican revolution

1919-1920

kick out foreigners - want to control the oil

farmers + workers rise up (Pancho Villa) - fails

BUT it gets close - scares the caudilo into making some reforms

• land redistributions, male suffrage, public education

Brazil (portuguese control)

napoleonic wars - the king flees portugal, comes to Brazil

no rebellion for independence

Pedro, his son, takes charge when he leaves - claims himself king

independent ish (1822 - 1834)

Brazil - caudillas system

still dominant in brazil

pedro in capital

infighting, weak central government

Dependent economy in brazil

doesnt industrialize

creole + international plantation system

slavery until 1888 (no enlightenment independence movement)