Bio Protein Synthesis Quiz

List the three ways that DNA differs from RNA.

DNA:(1) the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose, (2) RNA is generally single- stranded and not double-stranded, and (3) RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.

Name the three kinds of RNA and explain what each does.

messenger RNA-Carries instructions for polypeptide synthesis from nucleus to ribosomes. Ribosomal RNA forms an important part of both subunits of the ribosome. Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Describe the events of transcription, starting with the DNA and ending with the mRNA complement leaving the nucleus.

In transcription, segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules.

Transcription vocab: transcription, RNA Polymerase, promoter, mRNA, intron, exon.

Transcription- Segments of DNA serve as templates to produce complementary RNA molecules., RNA Polymerase- Enzymes that are required for transcription, promoter- Signals in the DNA molecule that show RNA polymerase exactly where to begin making RNA., mRNA- The RNA molecules that carry instructions, intron- The sections that are edited out of mRNA molecules, exon- The remaining pieces of mRNA molecules after introns are edited out.

Explain the genetic code and understand how to read the wheel/chart.

It is the language that adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil form with 4 letters which are A, U, G, and C. Just start at the middle of the circle with the first letter of the codon, and move outward. Next, move out to the second ring to find the second letter of the codon. Find the third and final letter among the smallest set of letters in the third ring. Then read the amino acid in that sector.

Explain the importance of start and stop codons.

The start codon is where you start reading the protein synthesis and the stop codon is where you stop reading it.

Describe the process of Translation, starting with the mRNA and ending with a polypeptide/protein.

Translation begins when a ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm. As each codon passes through the ribosome, tRNAs bring the proper amino acids into the ribosome. One at a time, the ribosome then attaches these amino acids to the growing chain.

Translation vocab: translation, ribosome, rRNA, tRNA, amino acid, codon, anticodon, peptide bond.

Translation: The decoding of an mRNA message into a protein. An organelle that makes protein. Ribosomes: Cell organelle consisting of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in a cell; the site of protein synthesis. rRNA: forms ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. tRNA: carries amino acids to the ribosomes and matches them to the mRNA code. Amino acids: The monomer of proteins. Codon: Each three-letter "word" in mRNA. Anticodon: group of three bases complementary to a codon. Peptide bond: Covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.

Name the location of transcription and translation. Translation occurs on ribosomes. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

Explain the relationship between DNA(genes) and proteins.

DNA contains the directions for proteins.

Define mutation and the different categories of mutations:

The mistakes that cells make when copying their DNA. Those that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. Those that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.

What is a point mutation?

Gene mutations that involve changes in one or a few nucleotides.

Substitution, insertion, deletion mutations.

Substitution: one base is changed to a different base. Insertions and deletions: point mutations in which one base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence.

Why are insertions and deletions called frameshift mutations?

They shift the "reading frame"of the genetic message.

What are mutagens? Chemical or physical agents in the environment.

Are mutations always bad? Explain. Give examples.

The effects of mutations on genes vary widely. Some have little or no effect; and some produce beneficial variations like changes to the bone strength and density, making fractures less likely. Some negatively disrupt gene function like Sickle cell disease.

Wobble Effect and silent mutations.

A change in DNA that has no effect on resulting protein.