Localization, techniques, and plasticity NOTES HOMEWORK classwork if i had any i guess

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techniques for studying the brain and behavior

mri, fmri, pet scanner

what r neurons

specialized cells which recieve and transmit info

how many neurons can ur brain contain alone

100s of billions of them

what r dendrites

tree branches of neurons, can change shape for connection

what r action potentials (short)

neural impulses

what r action potentials (long)

brief electrical energy that travels down an axon

what r action potentials generated by

the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon's membrane

synapse is aka

the area where it ends (said mr dorton)

what is a synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

neuroplasticity is what

the development of neural networks through repetition and neural (both genetic and subject to environmental influence)

neural networks can change developmentally \__ or __

overtime, after injury

what gets induvidual neurons more specific

training

what does LTP stand for

long-term potentiation

what is ltp

synapses become stronger through repeated use

ltp greater levels of response leads to

longer periods of depolorization

neural networks are created when

a neuron or set of neurons are repeatedly stimulated

LTP results in what

gene expression which causes dendritic branching

whats dendritic branching

neurons sprouting new dendrites

synaptic pruning is

when a synapse isn't used or under stimulated

is process of pruning fully understood

no!

benefits of case studiea

several case studies help lead to conclusions

limitations of case studies

no cause-and-effect relationships can be determined, cannot generalize results, study cannot be replicated, difficult to verify information about the patient prior to the accident took place

data triangulation is

more than one source of data is used

method triangulation is

more than one research method is used

researcher triangulation is

more than one researcher studies a case

theory triangulation is

more than one theoretical perspective is used

define localization of function

The idea that specific parts of the brain do specific functions and how that relates to behaviour.

MRI is

3d scan of brain structure

PET

observes metabolic processes in the brain

fMRI is

shows actual brain activity when engaged in behaviour or cognitive processes

what are the four key areas of the brain

brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum, limbic system

what are the four lobes

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

brain stem

responsible for regulating life functions

cerebellum

plays a role in learning/balance and motor function

cerebrum

associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action

limbic system

has a role in memory and emotion

frontal lobe

associated with executive functions

occipital lobea

associated with visual processing

parietal lobe

associated with the perception of stimuli

temporal lobe

associated with auditory processing and memory

limbic system parts

hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, basal ganlia, nucleus accumbens

amygdala

plays a role in the formation of emotional memory and fear responses

basal ganlia

plays a role in habit-forming and procedural memory

hippocampus

responsible for the transfer of short-term memory to long term memory

hypothalamus

involved in homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system, controls pituitary gland

nucleus accumbes

plays a role in addiction and motivation

Summarize the background information, the procedure and results, and the evaluation of the study.

Brenda Milner studied HM till he died in 2008. Used method triangulation to figure out what kind of knowledge and memories he could present. Turned out he couldn't acquire episodic knowledge nor semantic knowledge. Procedural memories were maintained. Study was over 50 years. Some aspects of the study were retrospective.

distributive processing

several parts of the brain work together

connectome

map of neural connections in the brain

role of amygdala

emotional memory and fear responses

What did the case of Eugene Pauly reveal about the brain?

That there's different kinds of memory up there. Different parts of the brain handle cognitive and procedural tasks.

plasticity

the brains ability to alter its own structure following changes within the body or in the external enviornment

dendritic branching

neurons connecting to a trace in a brain

Describe Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond

An experiment on rats which designed to test enrichment on dendritic branching. It concluded that those with simulation had an increased thickness in the cortex compared to the enrichment deprived rats.

Fully describe Maguire (2000)

A correlational study on brains of 16 right-handed London taxi drivers versus 50 right-handed males who did not drive taxis. It was a quasi-experiment. The controls were taken from an MRI database, the sample included a range of ages, and the participants took a knowledge test and had their license for 1.5 years to verify that they're a taxi driver. The IV was not manipulated but it was naturally occurring. It was a single-blind study as well.

The results included the following: first, the posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects and the anterior hippocampi were significantly smaller, second, the volume of the right posterior hippocampi correlated with the amount of time spent as a driver. There were no other observed differences in the other parts of the brain

Summarize Bremner (2003).

It concluded that long-term stress appears to lead to hippocampal atrophy

Summarize synaptic plasticity. Include all the needed vocabulary terms

Synaptic plasticity is essentially how moldable the synapses are. They become stronger through long term potentiation. Over time, neural arborization occurs. When the synapse is not used, however, it goes through synaptic pruning.

Provide a full summary of Draganski

The aim of the field experiment was to see whether learning a new skill would affect the brains of participants. There were MRI scans done at the start and the end of the study to compare the two between 24 volunteers between the ages of 20 and 24. The participants were either jugglers or non-jugglers and the jugglers were made to master the skill of juggling. MRI scans showed that those who learned to juggle had a significantly larger amount of grey matter in the mid-temporal lobe in both hemispheres in comparison to those who didn't learn the skill of juggling.

summerarize rosenzwig, bennett, diamond

The aim of the study was to investigate whether environmental factors would affect the development of neurons in the cerebral cortex. There were 3 rats in the control group, in the other conditions (IC and EC) there were 10-12 rats. The rats spent 30-60 days in their environments and then were killed to look at their brains. It appeared that the thickness of the cortex and the overall weight of the brain increased as a result of the enriched environment.

summarize maguire

The aim of the quasi-experiment was to see whether the brains of London taxi drivers would be somehow different as a result of their exceptional knowledge of the city and the many hours that they spend behind the wheel navigating the streets of London. There were 16-right handed male drivers, and 50-right handed male non-drivers. The study was correlational and there were two key findings from the MRI scans done. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects and the anterior hippocampi were significantly smaller. VBM showed that the volume of the right posterior hippocampi correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver.