tree branches of neurons, can change shape for connection
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what r action potentials (short)
neural impulses
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what r action potentials (long)
brief electrical energy that travels down an axon
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what r action potentials generated by
the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of the channels in the axon's membrane
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synapse is aka
the area where it ends (said mr dorton)
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what is a synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
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neuroplasticity is what
the development of neural networks through repetition and neural (both genetic and subject to environmental influence)
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neural networks can change developmentally \__ or __
overtime, after injury
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what gets induvidual neurons more specific
training
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what does LTP stand for
long-term potentiation
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what is ltp
synapses become stronger through repeated use
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ltp greater levels of response leads to
longer periods of depolorization
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neural networks are created when
a neuron or set of neurons are repeatedly stimulated
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LTP results in what
gene expression which causes dendritic branching
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whats dendritic branching
neurons sprouting new dendrites
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synaptic pruning is
when a synapse isn't used or under stimulated
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is process of pruning fully understood
no!
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benefits of case studiea
several case studies help lead to conclusions
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limitations of case studies
no cause-and-effect relationships can be determined, cannot generalize results, study cannot be replicated, difficult to verify information about the patient prior to the accident took place
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data triangulation is
more than one source of data is used
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method triangulation is
more than one research method is used
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researcher triangulation is
more than one researcher studies a case
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theory triangulation is
more than one theoretical perspective is used
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define localization of function
The idea that specific parts of the brain do specific functions and how that relates to behaviour.
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MRI is
3d scan of brain structure
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PET
observes metabolic processes in the brain
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fMRI is
shows actual brain activity when engaged in behaviour or cognitive processes
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what are the four key areas of the brain
brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum, limbic system
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what are the four lobes
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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brain stem
responsible for regulating life functions
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cerebellum
plays a role in learning/balance and motor function
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cerebrum
associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action
plays a role in the formation of emotional memory and fear responses
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basal ganlia
plays a role in habit-forming and procedural memory
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hippocampus
responsible for the transfer of short-term memory to long term memory
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hypothalamus
involved in homeostasis, emotion, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and control of the autonomic nervous system, controls pituitary gland
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nucleus accumbes
plays a role in addiction and motivation
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Summarize the background information, the procedure and results, and the evaluation of the study.
Brenda Milner studied HM till he died in 2008. Used method triangulation to figure out what kind of knowledge and memories he could present. Turned out he couldn't acquire episodic knowledge nor semantic knowledge. Procedural memories were maintained. Study was over 50 years. Some aspects of the study were retrospective.
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distributive processing
several parts of the brain work together
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connectome
map of neural connections in the brain
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role of amygdala
emotional memory and fear responses
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What did the case of Eugene Pauly reveal about the brain?
That there's different kinds of memory up there. Different parts of the brain handle cognitive and procedural tasks.
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plasticity
the brains ability to alter its own structure following changes within the body or in the external enviornment
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dendritic branching
neurons connecting to a trace in a brain
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Describe Rosenzweig, Bennett, and Diamond
An experiment on rats which designed to test enrichment on dendritic branching. It concluded that those with simulation had an increased thickness in the cortex compared to the enrichment deprived rats.
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Fully describe Maguire (2000)
A correlational study on brains of 16 right-handed London taxi drivers versus 50 right-handed males who did not drive taxis. It was a quasi-experiment. The controls were taken from an MRI database, the sample included a range of ages, and the participants took a knowledge test and had their license for 1.5 years to verify that they're a taxi driver. The IV was not manipulated but it was naturally occurring. It was a single-blind study as well.
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The results included the following: first, the posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects and the anterior hippocampi were significantly smaller, second, the volume of the right posterior hippocampi correlated with the amount of time spent as a driver. There were no other observed differences in the other parts of the brain
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Summarize Bremner (2003).
It concluded that long-term stress appears to lead to hippocampal atrophy
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Summarize synaptic plasticity. Include all the needed vocabulary terms
Synaptic plasticity is essentially how moldable the synapses are. They become stronger through long term potentiation. Over time, neural arborization occurs. When the synapse is not used, however, it goes through synaptic pruning.
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Provide a full summary of Draganski
The aim of the field experiment was to see whether learning a new skill would affect the brains of participants. There were MRI scans done at the start and the end of the study to compare the two between 24 volunteers between the ages of 20 and 24. The participants were either jugglers or non-jugglers and the jugglers were made to master the skill of juggling. MRI scans showed that those who learned to juggle had a significantly larger amount of grey matter in the mid-temporal lobe in both hemispheres in comparison to those who didn't learn the skill of juggling.
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summerarize rosenzwig, bennett, diamond
The aim of the study was to investigate whether environmental factors would affect the development of neurons in the cerebral cortex. There were 3 rats in the control group, in the other conditions (IC and EC) there were 10-12 rats. The rats spent 30-60 days in their environments and then were killed to look at their brains. It appeared that the thickness of the cortex and the overall weight of the brain increased as a result of the enriched environment.
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summarize maguire
The aim of the quasi-experiment was to see whether the brains of London taxi drivers would be somehow different as a result of their exceptional knowledge of the city and the many hours that they spend behind the wheel navigating the streets of London. There were 16-right handed male drivers, and 50-right handed male non-drivers. The study was correlational and there were two key findings from the MRI scans done. The posterior hippocampi of taxi drivers were significantly larger relative to those of control subjects and the anterior hippocampi were significantly smaller. VBM showed that the volume of the right posterior hippocampi correlated with the amount of time spent as a taxi driver.
Studied by 7 people
