AP Euro Unit 1 and 2 test

Where was the Renaissance located?

Italy

Why was the Renaissance where it was?

• Wealthy from Mediterranean trade (Florence, Venice, Genoa)

• Banking families (Medici) founded art and learning

• Roman/Greek ruins near by (inspiration)

• Political fragmentation → competition among city-states = cultural flourishing

• Easy place to travel through

What’s Humanism?

Recovery of classical texts (Greek & Roman), emphasis on human potential, secularism, and education in the “humanities” (grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, moral philosophy).

What’s Individualism?

Emphasis on unique achievement (artists began signing their work).

What’s Secularism?

Focus on worldly subjects, not only religious.

What’s Virtu?

The ability to shape the world around oneself (Machiavelli’s ideal leader).

What were the new techniques of Renaissance art?

Linear perspective, Chiaroscuro (strong contrasts between light and dark), Sfumato (soft, hazy graduations between colors and tones), Foreshortening, Oil painting

What’s Patronage?

Wealthy families and the Church sponsored works to display power and devotion.

Who’s Petrarch?

“Father of Humanism,” revived classical Latin texts.

Pico della Mirandola

Oration on the Dignity of Man (man has unlimited potential)

Oration on the Dignity of Man (man has unlimited potential)

Machiavelli

The Prince (rulers should be pragmatic and sometimes ruthless).

Why did Renaissance spread north?

The printing press

Who invented the printing press and when?

Gutenberg in the 1450s

What was Christian Humanism?

used classical learning to reform Christianity

What was the impact of the printing press?

• Spread humanist and reformist ideas quickly.

• Standardized texts → increased literacy.

• Undermined Church monopoly on knowledge.

• Essential for Luther’s 95 Theses spreading in 1517.

Motives of age of exploration?

God, Glory, Gold

Economic reasons of age of exploration?

New trade routes to Asia, spices, silver, gold.

Religious reasons of age of exploration?

Spread Christianity, crusading spirit, Protestant vs Catholics

Political reasons of age of exploration?

Competition between Spain, Portugal, later England, France, Netherlands.

Key explorers

• Portugal: Prince Henry the Navigator (schools of navigation), Bartolomeu Dias (rounded Cape of Good Hope), Vasco da Gama (India).

• Spain: Columbus (1492), Magellan (circumnavigation), Cortés (Aztecs), Pizarro (Incas).

Result of age of exploration with Columbian Exchange?

• Movement of plants, animals, diseases, people.

  • To Europe: potatoes, maize, tomatoes, chocolate.

  • To Americas: horses, cattle, wheat, smallpox (killed 90% of Indigenous peoples).

Result of age of exploration with Economics?

Price Revolution (inflation from silver), rise of capitalism & banking (Fuggers, Medici).

Result of age of exploration with Slavery?

Beginnings of transatlantic slave trade. Africans forcibly brought to plantations.

What did Martin Luther do?

• 95 Theses (1517) criticized indulgences.

• Beliefs: Salvation by faith alone, authority of Scripture alone, “priesthood of all believers.”

• Translated Bible into German → spread ideas.

What did John Clavin do?

• Predestination (God chose the “elect” for salvation).

• Geneva became a model religious community (“theocracy”).

• Created Calvinism

What did Henry VIII do?

• Broke with Rome for political reasons (wanted annulment).

• Act of Supremacy (1534): King = head of Church of England.

• Later Elizabeth I created Anglican “via media” (middle way) → Protestant doctrine with Catholic ritual.

What were radical reformers?

Anabaptists → adult baptism, separation of church/state, pacifism.

What did Council of Trent (1545-1563) do?

• Reaffirmed core doctrines (faith + works, 7 sacraments, authority of pope).

• Ended corrupt practices (banned indulgence selling).

• Reformed training for priests.

What were Jesuits?

Founded by Ignatius of Loyola. Focused on education, missionary work, and defending Catholicism.

What did Baroque art do?

• Glorified Catholic faith. Dramatic, emotional, sensory.

• Examples: Bernini’s Ecstasy of St. Teresa, Caravaggio’s dramatic lighting.

German Peasants’ war (1524-1525)

• Inspired partly by Luther’s message.

• Peasants demanded economic & social reforms.

• Luther condemned them → sided with princes.

French wars of religion

• Catholics vs. Huguenots (Calvinists).

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572): thousands of Protestants killed.

• Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes (1598) → granted limited toleration.

Spanish Armada (1588)

Philip II tried to invade Protestant England → failed. Symbolized decline of Spain, rise of England.

Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

• It began as religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire (Protestant Bohemians vs. Catholic Habsburgs).

• Expanded into a European-wide political war (France vs. Spain & Habsburgs).

Peace of Westphalia (1648): Ended war, weakened HRE, recognized Calvinism, promoted state sovereignty → shifted balance of power.