Respiration PGY

What is NOT a function of conducting zone?

• Cleaning air

• Warming air

• Gas exchange

• Humidifying air

Gas exchange

What is not apart of the conducting zone?

• Trachea

• Conducting bronchioles

• alveolus

• larynx

Alveolus

Why is surfactant important?

Decreases the surface tension of water

What type of cell is important for secreting surfactant?

Type 2 alveolar cell

Does intrapulmonary pressure and alveolar pressure mean the same thing? True/False

True

At rest, the intrapleural pressure is always ____ than the atmospheric pressure?

• Greater than

• Less than

• Equal to

Less than

During inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure is ___ than the atmospheric pressure?

• Less than

• Greater than

• Equal to

Less than

During expiration the alveolar pressure is ____ than the atmospheric pressure?

• Greater than

• Less than

• Equal to

Greater than

With lung expansion, the intrapulmonary pressure ____ atmospheric pressure?

• Increases above

• Falls below

• Equilibrates

Hint: Increased volume, Decreased pressure because now you have more space in the lung.

Falls below

Air flows out of the lung when the intrapulmonary pressure is ____ than the atmospheric pressure

Hint: Less volume, more pressure to breate out.

Greater than

Which statement about compliance is false?

• It is equal to a change in volume over change in pressure

• Lung compliance is less than a toy balloon

• It increases in emphysema

• It is determined by lung structure and surface tension

Lung compliance is less than a toy balloon

Surface tension is created by?

Water

Emphysema decreases what?

Elastic recoil of the lung

Surfactant can be deficient in what?

Premature babies

What is lung resistance increased in?

Asthmatics suffering from an attack

What muscle is associated with inspiration?

Diaphragm

Inspiration is primarily an ____ process dependent on activation of ____ muscle.

Active, skeletal

Expiration happens when?

When inspritatory muscles relax

Normally, the intraplueral pressure is always more negative than the atmopsheric pressure? True/False/ It depends

it depends

Slow deep breathing or rapid shallow breathing strongly affects alveolar ventilation? True/False

False

Lung capacities are the sum of lung volumes? True/ False

True

Between breaths, the intrapulmonary pressure is always ____ the atmospheric pressure?

• Greater than

• Less than

• Equal to

Equal to

This is an example of a RESTRICTIVE pulmonary disease?

Black lung

How do gases move between the air and blood?

Via diffusion

Pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the ____ of the pressures of each gas exerts independently?

Sum

Oxygen bound to hemoblobin contributes to the PO2 of the blood? True/False

False

A right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve means?

The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin is reduced

Hemoglobin has a greater affinity of O2 than if the dissociation curve is?

Shifted to the left

The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by?

• Temperature

• Parital pressure of gas

• Solubility

• All the above

All the above

Most of the CO2 in the blood is transported as what?

HCO3

If you poison mitochondria and they cannot undergo aerobic respiration, the O2 content (in the mitochondra) will be?

Increased

Which disease most likely leads to gas trapping to reduce FVC?

COPD

Which is most likely going to decrease alveolar PO2?

Restrictive lung disease

Sleep apnea might cause a drop in PO2 by decreasing what?

Alveolar PO2

A person with what disease might have a normal FEV1/FVC ratio despite having difficulty breathing?

Black lung

During exercise, your blood PCO2 goes up. This is corrected by a what in ventilation?

Increase

This part of your brain controls concious breathing

Cerebral cortex

Chemoreceptors are primarily sensitive to small changes in what?

PCO2

Hyperventilation and Hypoventilatoin will ____ and ____ PCO2 in the arterial blood, respectively

decrease, increase

Activation of pulmonary (stretch) receptors with ____ inspiration

inhibit

Diaphrgam is controlled by?

Somatic motor neurons

Thoracic Cavity?

Lungs, trachea, heart, large vessels, esophagus, thymus

Pleural cavity?

Space between visceral and parietal pleurae

What does the conducting zone do?

Conduct air flow to respiratory zone, warms and humidifies inspired air, and cleans the air.

What does cystic fibrosis do?

Decreasing cilia mobility

Thick, sticky mucus blocks the airway, very prone to infection, and no watery saline layer

Where does gas exchange occur?

Respiratory Zone

What does alveoli do?

Primary site of gas exchange

What does the type 1 alveolar cell do?

Epithelial cells with structural function (80-90% of cells)

Thin and interconnected by pores

What is the respiratory zone?

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

How does air move between in the respiratory zone?

Diffusion

Intrapulmonary pressure equals what at rest?

Atmospheric pressure at rest

Intrapleural pressure (Ppl) is what at rest?

Hint: allows air to flow in

Negative

What is transpulmonary pressure?

Pressure difference across the lung

How to calculate the transpulmonary pressure?

Alveolar pressure - Intraplural pressure (Pa- Ppl)

How to calculate the air flow?

Change of pressure / Resistance

What is the atmospheric pressure? (Patm)

760mmHg at sea level

What is intraplerual pressure?

Pressure between the chest wall and lung

Intrapleural pressure is always more what compared to alveolar pressure?

Negative

How to calculate transairway pressure?

Patm- Pa

Pa is what?

Alveolar pressure

Ppl is what?

Intraplueral pressure

Ideal gas law?

PV=nRT

With lung expansion, what happens to Pa?

Pa will fall below the atmospheric pressure, and air will flow into the lung.

As lung expansion happens, what happens with volume and pressure?

Increase in volume, a decrease in pressure

With lung compression (exhaling), what happens to Pa?

Increases above the Patm

WHat happens to the volume and pressure of the lungs during exhalation?

Decreasing volume, increasing pressure

Muscles during inspiration?

Diaphragm contracts, increasing the thoracic volume

Parasternal/external intercostals contract to pull the ribs up and out

During inspiration, what happens to intrpleural pressure (Ppl)?

Becomes more negative

What controls the diaphragm contracting during inspiration?

Skeletal muscle

Somatic neuron

What is passive exipriation?

Sleep, quiet breathing

Active expiration?

During exercise, speech, cough, and panting

What is the avg range of passive breathing pressure compared to Patm?

757-760, allowing air to flow in.

During quiet breathing, what is the intrapulmonary pressure compared to Patm?

Less than Patm

During expiration, what is the relationship of intrapulmonary pressure (Pa) to Patm?

Greater than Patm

What is the range of pressures compared to Patm during exhalation?

760-763, allowing air to flow out.

Pneumothorax:

Air entering the pleural space, causing collapsed lung

Closed pneumothorax:

LUNG is injured, chest wall is in tact

Open pneumothorax:

CHEST WALL is damaged

Resistance:

Ease of which air flows through the airways

What is resistance mainly determined by?

Airway diameter

What can emphysema cause?

Damage to supporting tissue that can cause collapse of airway, and unable to move the air

Asthema is what kinds of dieases?

Obstructive

What is lung compliance?

The ability to stretch

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Stiff fibrous tissue that restricts lung inflation

What kind of disease is pulmonary fibrosis?

Restrictive, preventing the lung to expandWh

What kind of diease is black lung?

Restrictive

RDS:

Respiratory distress syndrome: Infants: may not have developed type II alveolar cell syet

What does emphysema destroy?

Elastin fibers, decreasing the elastic recoil.

Approximately how thick is the barrier that gases diffuse in and out of blood through?

2 cells thick

Patm=

PN2 + PO2 + PCO2 + PH2O = 760

What is H2Os inspired vs Alveolar air?

Inspired: .3 mmHg

Alveolar: 47 mmHg

What is CO2s inspired air vs alveolar air?

inspired: 159 mmHg

Alveolar: 40mmHg

What is O2 inspired air vs alveolar air

105mmHg

What is N2s inspired air vs alveolar air?

inspired: 601mmHg

Alveolar air: 658 mmHg

What is the partial pressure of O2 in the plasma?

100mmHg

What increases oxygen concentration in the blood?

RBCs having hemolobin

What part of the heme allows for transporting O2 into the tissue?

iron group

What is the normal amount of satuated blood with oxygen in venus blood?

¾ hemoglobin bound

When there is a shift to the left on an oxyhemoglobin affinity chart, what does this mean?

More affinity