Roman Art and Archeology

Protourban habitations in central and southern Italy (Chronology)

9th-7th century BCE

Traditional founding of Rome (Year)

753 BCE

Augustus’s (Octavian) reign

31-14 BCE, Transformation into the Empire

Julius Ceaser killed

44 BCE, end of the Republic

Imperial Empire started to be used by Romans

27 BCE

Etrusca

Area where most etruscans were located, Northern Italy

Villanovans

The pre-etruscans, most evidence they left behind was near a town called Villanova

Pozzo

Villanovan grave with a urn in a well like hole

Biconical Urn

a handmade pot that is two cones attached at the wide ends (Could be simplistic human shape)

Impasto

thick greyish black clay

Hut urn

shaped like a hut with thatched roof

Differences between the etruscans and villanovans

The Etruscans were wealthier and lived in a culturally broader and more diverse world.

(Greek) Pottery in Etrusca

influenced by greek style, imported from greece or made by immigrated Greeks

Etruscans

a group that emerged in 600 BCE, mixture of villanovan tradition and influences from greeks and near easterns

“Pontic” amphorae

named after Pontus, were vases that immitated the painting styles of Greece (red and black figures), locally made

Tumulus

a rounded circular mound of earth built up on the stone platform

Fibula

fastining pin

repousse

hammered relief

granulation

patterns of tiny beads of gold

caryatiels

standing female figures

The caryatid chalice

made of bucchero, developed by the etruscans using the impasto technique from the villa.

Bucchero

a shiny black ceramic pottery

Indicators of art

chronology, territory, and artistic style

Villanovan Period

900-720 BCE

Orientilizing period

720-575 BCE

Archeic period

575-480 BCE

Etruscan classical period

480-400 BCE

Etruscan Late classical period

400-300 BCE

Hellinistic period

300-100 BCE

Aristonothos Krater

Potter was greek (engaved his name on the pot), was in an etruscan tomb

Inhumanation

sarcophagus with body in tomb/ body laid out in a tomb

Cremation

body is cremated in an urn

the tradition of painting tombs started in? with?

the mid 6th century BCE, the tomb of the bulls in tarqunin

symposia

banquet with wine

the standard subjects of tombs

landscapes, nature, humans in there envirnments, and banquets

meander frieze

a continuous, interlocking, geometric border pattern

veristic

hyper- realistic

caonipic urns

urns with a head shaped lid

sarcophagi

stone coffins, found in sourthern etrucra

relief sculpture

sculpted pieces remain attached to the a solid background of the same material

low-relief

shallow over all depth of the projected image

Amazonomachy

a greek subject of a battle between the greeks and amazons

nefro

a local soft stone, used to make sarcophagi

Etruscan period

700-325 BCE

Regolini-Galassi Tomb

illistrates the transition to distinctive etruscan traditions

duplicate sculpture

a cast from an original sculpture

earliest mirrors were made? the greatest number were when?

the archeic period, late classical and hellenistic

themes of mirrors

greek myths

cistae (p), cista

covered cylindrical containers for tools of personalcont adornment, secondarily used as cinerary urns, from praenestine

continuous narrative

seperate episodes involving the same protagonists set against a unified background

akroterial

an ornament placed on a flat base and mounted on the pinnacle of the pediment of the building

cella

inner room of a greek or roman temple

aprotropacic

pornographic paintings

Kharn + Vanth (WInged)

Demons in Etruscan art

Ficoroni cista

has a inscription in latin, carved with the story of the Argonauts

Sculptures in the archeic period

hit of a smile, locks of hair, almond eyes

hellenistic

a fundamental distiction that is based on the assumption that the exploits of Alexander the Great conslititat a watershed in western history

Punic wars

3rd century BCE, Roman victory in 201 BCE

The triumph

a roman custom where a victorious general would parade through the city of rome with his troops, captured enemies, and spoils of war

manubial

a building pledged by a general before battle, then paid for by his share of the spoils of battle

path to public emmenance

service as a military junior officer (legalus), elected to lower office, occupy a series of offices, be elected consul or praetor

tuscan temple type

high podium, deep colonaded porch, lateral colomns, and strictly frontal orientation

peripteral

a single row of pillars on all sides

peristyle

a continuous porch formed by a row of colomns surrounding the perimeter of a building or courtyard

barrel vaulted

the extrusion of a single curve

post and lintel

strong horizantal elements held up by strong vertical elements

cross vault

intersecting barrel vaults

perspectival diminution

artistic technique where objects appear to decrease in size as their distance from the view increeases

receding orthogonal

diagonal imaginary lines that represent parallel edges of an object receding into the distance

topographic or chorographic

the paintings resembled maps of conquered lands

stuctures in the empire, structures in the republic

for entertainment (theatres, markets, baths), temples

engaged columns

columns imbedded in the wall

votive

dedicate something to a god in order to get their favour

tripartite

three rooms in the cella

Vulca

very well-known akroterial sculptor, from veii

imago

a wax effigy of an ancestor displayed in a wooden cupboard within the atrium or other public place in the house

atrium

a ground entrance hall, reception room, and living room, introduce a fragment of nature into the house

verism

a style of early marble sculptures and marble heads that emphasises every contour of a face ravaged by time and the unperdictabily of life

forum

a public square

Temple of Portunous

made in 1st century BCE, made of tuff, travertine, stucco, and concrete

travertine

type of limestone that comes from near rome

concrete

composed of aggregate, a mordor of sand and burnt lime, finished with a wall facing

tablinum

large room oppisite the entry

triclinium

public dining room next to tablinum

impluvium

a pool set in the floor of the atrium

salutatio

social exchange between a wealthy patron and a client

tesserae

small cut rectangular stones that make up a mosaic

emblema

a panel, central motif in a roman mosaic

first step of mural painting

perpare the wall surface for application of base coats

second step of mural painting

apply layers of lime mortar (similar to the morder in concrete)

third step of mural painting

add coats of stucco

stucco

a fine plaster of lime mixed with ground marble or limestone to make it white

fourth step of mural painting

apply pigment, using guidlines incised in the stucco

bonding ingredients

tempera, encaustic (wax)

first style (masonary style)

walls are stuccoed throughout and painted in imitation of cut masonry in exoctic marbles, such as plasters, entablatures, and cornices

porphyry

a rare, deep purple stone prized by the Romans

othostates

squared blocks of stone greater in height than depth

coffering

a series of sunken panels in the shape of a square, rectangle, or octagon in a ceiling

second style

rendering of archetural effectsusing illusionistic paintings, begins in the 80 BCE

megalographic figures

the archetictural forms served as a setting for elaborate figural compositions