Exam 2 Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering skin, head and neck, lungs, wound care, neurological screening, mental health concepts, and basic medical math concepts from the lecture notes.

ABCDE chart

A mnemonic for melanoma detection: A = Asymmetry, B = Border irregularity, C = Color variation, D = Diameter >6 mm, E = Evolution/change over time.

Skin lesions (general types)

Common lesion categories include macule, patch, papule, plaque, vesicle, bulla, pustule, wheal, crust, scale, erosion, ulcer, and fissure.

Angioma

A benign tumor or growth made up of blood vessels; includes cherry angiomas.

Cherry angioma

A small, bright-red, benign capillary angioma typically seen on the trunk of adults.

Ecchymosis

A bruise; a larger, non-palpable area of bleeding under the skin, blue-purple in color.

Purpura

Purple discoloration from bleeding beneath the skin that is non-blanching; larger than petechiae.

Petechiae

Tiny red or purple non-blanching spots caused by minor bleeding from capillaries.

Jaundice (assessment in whites)

Yellowing of the skin and sclera; scleral icterus is often visible first in whites.

Jaundice (assessment in persons of color)

Jaundice may be harder to see; assess sclera near conjunctiva and mucous membranes, palms, and soles.

Cyanosis (assessment in whites)

Bluish discoloration most evident in lips, tongue, and extremities due to low oxygen.

Cyanosis (assessment in persons of color)

May be best seen in mucous membranes, face, or nail beds; can be subtler, requiring inspection of non-skin areas.

Normal nails (assessment)

Nail beds are smooth and firm; angle around 160 degrees; capillary refill <2 seconds; pink color.

Within Normal Limits (WNL) findings

Exam findings considered normal; examples include baldness in some contexts, freckles, and good skin turgor.

Migraines (symptoms)

Headache often with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and visual disturbances (auras) before/during attack.

Auras

Visual or sensory disturbances that may precede a migraine.

Nasal drainage (sinus infection) color

Often green or yellow discharge indicates sinus infection.

Cranial Nerve III, IV, VI

Oculomotor (III), Trochlear (IV), and Abducens (VI) nerves; control most eye movements.

Cranial nerve II

Optic nerve; responsible for visual acuity and visual fields; tested with Snellen chart and six cardinal gazes.

Cranial nerve VII

Facial nerve; tested by having the patient smile to assess facial movement.

Consensual response (pupillary reflex)

Pupils constricting in both eyes when light is shone in one eye; the bilateral constriction is the consensual response.

Snellen chart

Chart used to measure visual acuity.

Six cardinal gazes

The six directions used to assess extraocular muscle function.

Nose assessment (normal)

Deep pink turbinates indicate a normal nasal passage exam.

Whisper test technique

Whisper from the right and left sides, not behind the patient; ear is covered on one side at a time.

Wound staging (Stage 3)

Stage 3: fat is visible; base of wound still non-visualized beyond fat layer.

Wound staging (Stage 4)

Stage 4: muscle, bone, or tendon visible; deeper tissue destruction.

Wound staging (Unstageable)

Base of wound not visible; depth cannot be determined due to slough or eschar.

Barrier creams

Creams that protect skin and help prevent skin breakdown in at-risk patients.

Clubbing of the fingers

Bulbous enlargement of fingertips indicating chronic hypoxemia or lung disease.

Lung sounds: Rhonchi

Low-pitched, coarse snoring sounds often heard on expiration, suggesting secretions in large airways.

Lung sounds: Wheezing

High-pitched, musical sound usually on expiration indicating airway constriction.

Lung sounds: Crackles

High-pitched popping or crackling sounds usually during inspiration from fluid in airways.