AP Chemistry Review

properties of metals

lustrous, conduct electricity and heat, malleable, ductile

nonmetals

dull, insulators, brittle, many are gases

metalloids

properties of both metals and nonmetals

groups

up and down

periods

left and right

prefix for 1

mon-

prefix for 2

di-

prefix for 3

tri-

prefix for 4

tetra-

prefix for 5

penta-

prefix for 6

hexa-

prefix for 7

hepta-

prefix for 8

octa-

prefix for 9

nona-

prefix for 10

deca-

Coulomb’s law

F=k\left(\frac{q_1q_2}{d^2}\right)

aufbau principle

Electrons are added in order of increasing energy

Hund’s rule

No electron can be paired until every orbital in the sub level has been occupied

Pauli exclusion principle

No two electrons in an atom can have the same quantum state; they must spin in opposite directions

More protons =

greater binding energy

effective nuclear charge/Z_eff

a measure of the pull occurring from the electrons to protons

Z_eff increases

left to right

Electron distance increases

top to bottom

Atomic radius increases

toward bottom left

electronegativity

how well an atom attracts electrons

Electronegativity increases

toward top right

lower ___ attractions

Coulombic

speed of light

3.00 × 10^8 m/s

c =

c=\lambda\nu

E =

E=h\nu

Planck’s constant

6.63×10^-34 J×s

Solubility rules

1. All nitrates are soluble

2. All alkali metals and ammonium are soluble

3. All acetates are soluble

4. Cl-, Br-, and I- are soluble except for Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+

5. All sulfates are soluble except for Ag, Pb, Hg, Ca, Sr, Ba.

6. Chromates, phosphates, carbonates do not dissolve in water

7. Hydroxides are insoluble except for Ba, Ca, Sr

Strong acids

HCl

HBr

HI

HNO3

H2SO4

HClO4

Strong bases

LiOH

NaOH

KOH

Ca(OH)2

Sr(OH)2

Ba(OH)2

A metallic oxide will combine with water to produce

A metallic hydroxide

A nonmetallic oxide will combine with water to produce

An acid

When a metallic carbonate is heated vigorously it will often decompose into

Metallic oxide and CO2 gas

When a metallic chlorate is heated vigorously it will produce

Metallic chloride and O2 gas

Acids can decompose into

Nonmetallic oxides

Bases can decompose into

Metallic oxides

7 diatomic gases

H2, N2, F2, O2, I2, Cl2, Br2 (Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer)