DH209: Nutrition FINAL REVIEW NEW

allexg1996

Which accurately describes chronic periodontitis? (Select all that apply)

a.) Chronic periodontitis is generalized throughout the mouth

b.) Purulent exudate is possible from periodontal pockets

c.) Bone loss results from this destructive disease

d.) Incisal movements of the junctional epithelium

e.) Clinical attachment loss occurs

Purulent exudate is possible from periodontal pockets

Bone loss results from this destructive disease

Clinical attachment loss occurs

The clinical symptoms of a patient with diabetes mellitus type 1 are: __________ (more prevalent in type 1 diabetes) and the 3 Ps: __________: (increased thirst;________: Increased hunger;__________: Frequent urination; Unexplained weight loss.

a.) Fruity-smelling breath, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria

b.) Sour-smelling breath, Polyuria, Polyphagia, Polydipsia

c.) Sour-smelling breath, Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Polyuria

d.) Fruity-taste, Polyuria, Polyphagia,Polydipsia

Fruity-smelling breath, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Polyuria

Each accurately describes the physical effects of food on periodontal health, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Supragingival plaque biofilm adhesion is influenced by frequent consumption of

monosaccharides.

b.) Supragingival plaque biofilm adhesion is influenced by frequent consumption of

disaccharides.

c.) Poor nutrition has an adverse effect on the periodontium.

d.) Chewing soft, spongy foods stimulates salivary flow.

Chewing soft, spongy foods stimulates salivary flow.

The health status of the underprivileged and many racial and ethnic minority groups is poor. Evidence of poor health status and malnutrition increases as income levels increase.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

The first statement is true; the second is false.

Which term is used to describe medical practices that have been thoroughly evaluated using scientific methods?

a.) Observation studies

b.) Meta-analysis

c.) Evidence-based

d.) Systemic reviews

Evidence-based

Which can a dental hygienist accurately convey to a patient who expresses health concerns about irradiated foods? (Select all that apply.)

a.) Irradiation does not extend the period of ripeness of fruits and vegetables.

b.) This process is also called warm pasteurization.

c.) Irradiation breaks down the DNA of harmful organisms without increasing the temperature of the food.

d.) At the low doses of radiation allowed, nutrient losses are moderate.

e.) Foods have been safely irradiated in the United States for more than 50 years.

Irradiation breaks down the DNA of harmful organisms without increasing the temperature of the food

Foods have been safely irradiated in the United States for more than 50 years.

Which is most likely to increase the risk and severity of periodontal disease?

a.) Systemic factors in combination with medications

b.) Local irritating factors alone

c.) Local irritating factors combinations with systemic factors

d.) Systemic factors

Local irritating factors combinations with systemic factors

Typical symptoms of all anemias are flushed skin and erythematous oral tissues. The type of anemia can be determined only after evaluation of blood tests.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Which is true of gingivitis? (Select all that apply)

a.) It is easily identified by its classic, light pink, or coral color

b.) It is a progressive inflammatory process

c.) Excessive stippling is present

d.) It begins in the interdental papilla and advances to the attached gingiva

It is a progressive inflammatory process

It begins in the interdental papilla and advances to the attached gingiva

A patient may have a poor appetite for reasons such as cancer treatment, medication, pain, apathy, or inactivity. This lack of appetite can result in the condition known as ___________.

a.) Amenorrhea

b.) Polydipsia

c.) Xerostomia

d.) Anorexia

Anorexia

Which is most likely to initiate periodontal disease?

a.) Megadoses of supplements

b.) Plaque biofilm

c.) Nutrient deficiencies

d.) Nutrient imbalances

e.) Nutrient excesses

Plaque biofilm

Although a balanced diet is essential to tissue healing and repair, which of the following should the dental hygienist identify as the nutrient of highest priority for a patient with gingivitis or periodontal disease?

a.) Carbohydrates

b.) Vitamin C

c.) Vitamin D

d.) Monosaccharides

Vitamin C

For a patient with renal disease and undergoing dialysis, when is the ideal time to schedule their dental appointment?

a.) 1 week before dialysis

b.) 1 week after dialysis

c.) The day after dialysis

d.) The day before dialysis

The day after dialysis

All disease processes result from a combination of the following factors except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Presence of etiologic agent

b.) Failure to have an annual physical examination

c.) Susceptibility of the host

d.) Resistance of the host

e.) Environmental factors

Failure to have an annual physical examination

Consumers state each reason for choosing organic foods except one. Which one is the exception?

a.) Better taste

b.) Environmental reasons

c.) Fresher food

d.) More humane treatment of animals

e.) More economical

More economical

Each correctly states reasons for the higher cost of organic food, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Production costs are higher.

b.) Labor costs are lower.

c.) Crops yields are lower.

d.) Demand is high.

e.) Profit margins are higher.

Labor costs are lower.

The term appetite is applicable to each statement, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Appetite is associated with enjoyment of food.

b.) Most healthy people have very little appetite.

c.) During illness, appetite can decrease because of pain, apathy, anorexia, or drugs.

d.) Poor intake can further lessen the desire to eat.

Most healthy people have very little appetite.

Those patients that have osteoporosis should be advised to obtain adequate _________ and _______.

a.) iodine and calcium

b.) calcium and vitamin D

c.) magnesium and calcium

d.) vitamin C and vitamin D

calcium and vitamin D

The nutrients in an orange begin to degrade:

a.) Once the peel is removed or the orange is juiced

b.) The moment the orange is plucked from the tree

c.) Within 48 hours of being harvested

d.) After packaging and pasteurization

The moment the orange is plucked from the tree

Each is an important consideration for a patient who is scheduled for periodontal surgery, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Extent of the surgery

b.) Potential postoperative discomfort

c.) Patient's ability to eat after the surgery

d.) Limitation of kilocalories to be consumed

Limitation of kilocalories to be consumed

The primary cause of confusion in older hospitalized patients is thought to be:

a.) atrophic gastritis

b.) dehydration

c.) malnutrition

d.) sacropenia

dehydration

__________ can contribute to depressed appetite, xerostomia, malabsorption, and cognitive abilities, especially in older adults.

a.) Loss of teeth

b.) Polypharmacy

c.) Hypoguesia

Polypharmacy

The best way to prevent osteoporosis is through building bone mass during what stage of life?

a.) Early childhood

b.) Adolescence

c.) Young adulthood

d.) Infancy

Adolescence

Each is true of human breast milk, except one. Which is the exception?

a). It is normally thin with a slightly bluish color.

b.) It contains long-chain fatty acids.

c.) It is low in cholesterol.

d.) Fat digestion cannot occur for several months after birth.

e.) Although iron content is low, it is utilized efficiently.

It is low in cholesterol.

What dental condition does NOT increase the risk of malnutrition in older adults?

a.) Loss of teeth

b.) Homeostatic mechanisms

c.) Dysphagia

d.) Edentulous status

e.) Conventional dentures

Homeostatic mechanisms

Each increases the susceptibility for foodborne illness, except one. Which is the exception?

a). Compromised immune system

b.) Increased secretion of gastric hydrochloric acid

c.) Reduced sense of smell

d.) Reduced sense of taste

Increased secretion of gastric hydrochloric acid

Treatment of edentulous individuals with a __________________ implant-supported denture has a significant positive effect on bite force and masticatory efficiency.

Denture stomatitis may affect over 75% of partial and complete denture wearers, which is largely due to the presence of __________________.

a.) mandibular, biofilm

b.) mandibular, candida albicans

c.) maxillary, biofilm

d.) maxillary, candida albicans

mandibular, candida albicans

Pregnancy gingivitis usually becomes apparent in the:

a.) second month

b.) third trimester

c.) second trimester

d.) first month

second month

A young female patient of record arrives for her scheduled recall appointment, during which she confides in the hygienist her hopes of starting a family soon. She also mentions her physician's concerns regarding her weight. The dental hygienist recalls that weight adjustment ideally should be achieved:

a.) during lactation

b.) after conception

c.) before conception

d.) before labor

before conception

Which are appropriate nutritional recommendations for lactating mothers?

( Select all that apply)

a.) Prescription drugs should be avoided, but herbal supplements are safe because they do not pass into break milk.

b.) Vegan mothers may be deficient in vitamin B12.

c.) Breastfeeding helps with weight loss.

d.) Fortified milk and cereals should be because of processing concerns

e.) Breastfeeding is positively related with child mental development.

Vegan mothers may be deficient in vitamin B12.

Breastfeeding helps with weight loss.

Breastfeeding is positively related with child mental development.

Which snacks should the dental hygienist encourage to decrease incidence of dental caries? (Select all that apply)

a.) Crackers

b.) Cheese cubes

c.) Pastries

d.) Raw vegetables

Cheese cubes

Raw vegetables

Each is accurate regarding iron consumption and prevention of anemia, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Iron deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants is rare.

b.) The incidence of anemia usually declines with age.

c.) Anemia is observed more often in African American children than in white or Asian children.

d.) Consuming vitamin C with iron-rich foods diminished absorption of iron.

e.) Milk is a poor source of iron.

Consuming vitamin C with iron-rich foods diminished absorption of iron.

The ideal time to begin taking folate to prevent neural tube defects is:

a.) before conception

b.) once pregnancy begins

c.) at 6 weeks

d.) upon completion of the first trimester

before conception

To help prevent early childhood caries (ECC), the dental hygienist should recommend the infant:

a.) drink pasteurized skim milk

b.) drink fruit juice

c.) not be given nighttime bottles

d.) eat iron-rich foods

not be given nighttime bottles

The acidity from repeated regurgitation should be treated by rubbing teeth with a paste of ________ to neutralize the oral pH.

a.) baking soda and water

b.) baking powder and water

c.) baking soda and hydrogen peroxide

d.) fluoridated toothpaste and water

baking soda and water

Iron-rich foods or a daily low-dose oral iron supplement should be initiated at what age?

a.) 6 months

b.) 2 to 3 months

c.) 4 to 6 months

d.) 5 to 6 months

6 months

Fluoride supplements should be never taken with:

a.) soda

b.) water

c.) juice

d.) milk

milk

Each is true of vitamin D requirements, except one. Which is the exception?

a). Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high in homebound or institutional patients.

b). Aging skin may not synthesize vitamin D efficiently.

c.) As many as half of older adults could be deficient in vitamin D.

d.) Older patients do not synthesize vitamin D.

e.) Adequate calcium in addition to vitamin D is important.

Older patients do not synthesize vitamin D.

The factor that is least predictive of a health pregnancy is:

a.) the mother's nutritional status before conception

b.) birth weight less than 5 lbs

c.) appropriate weight gain

d.) gestation of 39 to 41 weeks

birth weight less than 5 lbs

Which are associated with malnutrition in older adults? (Select all that apply)

a.) Impaired immune response

b.) Greater length of hospital days

c.) Delayed wound healing

d.) Use of Salivary substitute

e.) Eating slowly

Impaired immune response

Greater length of hospital days

Delayed wound healing

Although aluminum is present in many body tissues, including dental tissues, it is not considered an essential element because its presence seems harmful.

Aluminum accumulation can occur when taking antacids containing aluminum hydroxide.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Each is a function of saliva, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Saliva is essential to gustatory sensations.

b.) Saliva lubricates oral tissues.

c.) Saliva provides antibacterial action.

d.) Saliva buffers bacterial acids.

e.) Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.

Saliva extracts calcium and phosphate from demineralized tooth surfaces.

An edentulous patient dislikes eating meat. What substitutions could the dental hygienist suggest to provide the most protein intake?

a.) Milk

b.) Fruits

c.) Grains

d.) Vegetables

Milk

A kilocalorie is the heat equivalent of how many calories?

a.) 10

b.) 100

c.) 1000

d.) 10,000

1000

Which food selection has the most fermentable carbohydrates?

a.) Cakes

b.) Cookies

c.) Ice-cream

d.) Candy

e.) Sodes

Sodas

What function has the least priority for protein?

a.) Catalyzing reactions

b.) Providing structure

c.) Muscle contraction

d.) Regulating metabolism

e.) Energy storage

Energy storage

The small intestine is comprised of the cecum, colon, and rectum. The large intestine includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

Both statements are false.

____________ is the only sugar that can transported through the bloodstream and can be used to nourish all cells in the body.

a.) Frutose

b.) Lactose

c.) Sucrose

d.) Glucose

Glucose

The most common sugar alcohols: sorbitol, xylitol, and mannitol.

TRUE/FALSE

TRUE

Each is a fat-soluble vitamin, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Vitamin A

b.) Vitamin C

c.) Vitamin D

d.) Vitamin K

Vitamin C

Vitamin _____ is the most important fat-soluble antioxidant.

a.) C

b.) D

c.) K

d.) E

E

__________ amounts of magnesium can be obtained from laxatives and antacids.

a.) Adequate

b.) Excessive

c.) Inadequate

Excessive

Food choices are influenced by 3 sensory perceptions: sight, smell, and taste (gustatory). Receptors for the sense of taste are called taste buds.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

Both statements are true.

Each portion of the alimentary canal, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Larynx

b.) Small intestine

c.) Oral cavity

d.) Pharynx

d.) Esophagus

Larynx

Cooper is essential for the formation of red blood cells and connective tissue.

a.) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

b.) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

c.) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

d.) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

________________ are the storage forms of fatty acids (FAs) and are considered the metabolic fuel for cells stored in adipose (fat) tissue.

a.) Fatty acids

b.) Nutrients

c.) Triglycerides

d.) Biomolecule

Triglycerides

Which seafood is most likely to have the least amount of mercury?

a.) Shark

b.) Salmon

c.) Fresh tuna

d.) Mackerel

e.) Swordfish

Salmon

Which accurately describes aspects of genetically modified foods? (Select all that apply)

a.) Developing countries are planting GM crops at a more rapid rate than rich countries.

b.) Foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals may be introduced in the near future.

c.) A high percentage of fresh fruits and vegetables are GM.

d.) The United States is the leading producer of genetically modified (GM) foods.

e.) Highly processed foods contain a low percentage of GM ingredients.

Developing countries are planting GM crops at a more rapid rate than rich countries.

Foods derived from GM microorganisms or GM animals may be introduced in the near future.

The United States is the leading producer of genetically modified (GM) foods.

Each accurately describes aspects and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Alzheimer disease is the most common type of dementia.

b.) Although a specific cause has not been determined, aluminum is considered a primary causative agent.

c.) Known risk factors include age, family history, head trauma, and genetic disposition.

Although a specific cause has not been determined, aluminum is considered a primary causative agent.

The condition that can present itself when young children consume adequate kilocalories, but inadequate high-quality protein is called ____________.

a.) Kwashiorkor

b.) Marasmus

c.) Sacropenia

Kwashiorkor

What is the recommended amount of fluoride for drinking water supply?

a.) .7 ppm

b.) .5 ppm

c.) 7.0 ppm

d.) .007 ppm

e.) .07 ppm

.7 ppm

What is the most common trans fatty acid?

a.) Elaidic

b.) Vaccenic

c.) Stearic

d.) Oleic

Elaidic

Which animal-derived food contains the most significant level of carbohydrates?

a.) Egg

b.) Beef

c.) Milk

d.) Poultry

Milk

Three fatty acids attached to a glycerol is a triglyceride. Trans fatty acids are hydrogenated.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

Both statements are true.

A patient presents the following meal pattern of a typical day. This individual is most likely what type of vegetarian?

Breakfast

1 medium orange

cup oatmeal

cup sliced almonds

1 tsp margarine

1 cup soy milk

Lunch

1 cup cooked black beans

1-6 inch tostada

2 slices of tomato

1 leaf of lettuce

1 medium banana

1 cup soy milk

Dinner

1 cup bean soup

1 cup raw spinach leaves

1 slice rye bread

1 tsp margarine

1 cup pears

a.) Vegan

b.) Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

c.) Ovo-vegetarian

Vegan

The major chemical reactions of metabolic activity are anabolism and catabolism.

Hormones are called "messengers" and are produced by groups of cells that control different metabolic functions and affect growth and secretions.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

Both statements are true.

Which is NOT a characteristic or function of lipids?

a.) Provide insulation and protection.

b.) Are hydrophilic.

c.) Acts as hormones that regulate the body.

d.) Involves energy metabolism and storage.

Are hydrophilic.

Which food is most likely to contribute to protein deficiency?

a.) Meat

b.) Legumes

c.) Eggs

d.) Milk

e.) Cheese

Legumes

Vitamin D is intricately related to calcium and phosphorus ; each are required for optimal use of the other.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

Both statements are true.

________________ is the enzyme that facilitates starch digestion.

a.) Salivary amylase

b.) Enzymes proteins

c.) Enzymatic reactions

Salivary amylase

Which nutrient is the most important?

a.) Carbohydrates

b.) Water

c.) Protein

d.) Minerals

Water

Which is NOT commonly associated with bariatric surgery?

a.) Reduce incidence of diabetes

b.) Reduced incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease

c.) Greater and sustained weight loss than conventional methods

d.) A shorter life span

A shorter life span

Which has the least effect on cariogenicity?

a.) Quantity of fermentable carbohydrate

b.) Timing and sequence of carbohydrate within a meal

c.) Frequency of intake of carbohydrate

d.) Physical form

e.) Retentivenes

Quantity of fermentable carbohydrate

The principal role of absorbed sugar is to:

a.) lipogenesis

b.) accelerate gastrointestinal mobility

c.) encourage the growth of bacteria

d.) provide energy for body functions

provide energy for body functions

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are thought to protect disease against the development of heart disease, because they contain larger amounts of proteins and less lipid than low-density lipoproteins (LDLs).

a.) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

b.) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

c.) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

d.) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Fluorapatite, the hydroxyapatite is a _____________soluble structure that makes _______ teeth resistant to deminerlizing acids.

a.) more soluble, less resistant

b.) less soluble, less resistant

c.) more soluble, more resistant

d.) less soluble, more resistant

less soluble, more resistant

Each is a major area of biochemistry, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Structure

b.) Function

c.)Metabolism

d.) Bioinformation

Function

Certain physical conditions and impaired digestion or absorption cause excessive protein loss and can cause protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

a.) protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

b.) Kwashiorkor

c.) Marasmus

protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)

Symptoms of hypoglycemia do NOT include:

a.) confusion

b.) rapid, shallow breathing

c.) weakness

d.) flushed color

e.) light-headnesses

flushed color

Cholesterol is the most abundant lipoproteins and is important to biological membranes. Cholesterol is also the precursor of steroid hormones, bile acids, and the lipid-soluble vitamin D.

a.) Both statements are false.

b.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

c.) The first statement is true; the second is false.

d.) Both statements are true.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Each is true regarding oral exposure to fermentable carbohydrates, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Longer exposure leads increases risk of demineralization.

b.) Longer exposure increases opportunity for remineralization.

c.) The Stephan curve shows pH changes within plaque after rinsing with a sugar solution.

d.) The critical pH at which enamel decalcification occurs is 5.5 or less.

e.) Frequency of carbohydrate consumption increases caries risk.

Longer exposure increases opportunity for remineralization.

In each condition, underconsumption of fat is a concern, except one. Which is the exception?

a.) Cystic fibrosis

b.) Malabsorption syndromes

c.) Hypertension

d.) AIDS

Hypertension

The USDA allows vitamin D ___________ due to the prevalent deficiencies in the United States.

a.) sunlight

b.) almond milk

c.) vitamins

d.) fortification

fortification

Which message is NOT synonymous with MyPlate?

a.) Fruits and vegetables should full half the plate.

b.) Lean protein foods should be chosen in moderation.

c.).Fruit juices should be consumed frequently.

d.) Physical activity is encouraged through the activity tab that has links to MyJournal.

e.) Whole grains should occupy about one-fourth of the plate.

Fruit juices should be consumed frequently.

Which vitamin acts most like a hormone?

a.) E

b.) D

c.) C

a.) A

D

Unsweetened juices and milk contain significant amounts of sugars because of the natural content of simple carbohydrates.

a.) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

b.) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

c.) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

d.) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Which is the least significant factor influencing the development of dental caries?

a.) Susceptibility of the host or tooth

b.) Gender of the host

c.) The presence of fermentable carbohydrates

d.) A sufficient quantity of cariogenic microorganisms in the mouth

Gender of the host

The substances that is most supportive of bones and teeth is:

a.) insulin

b.) hemoglobin

c.) collagen

d.) pepsin

collagen

The protein intake of periodontal patients is important because deficiencies can compromise the physiologic systemic response to inflammation and infection

TRUE/FALSE

TRUE

________________ caused by vitamin D deficiency, usually occurs in children 1-3 years of age and is characterized by weak bones and skeletal deformities.

a.) NUP

b.) Scurvy

c.) NUG

d.) Rickets

RIckets

The average amount of nutrient that seems to maintain a defined nutritional state is measured by the:

a.) recommended daily allowance (RDA)

b.) estimated average requirement (EAR)

c.) acceptable macronutrient distributions ranges (AMDRs)

d.) adequate intake (AI)

adequate intake (AI)

Vitamin C is important in the production of collagen, which plays a vital role in wound healing.

Vitamin C facilitates the development of red blood cells by enhancing iron absorption and use.

a.) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.

b.) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.

c.) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

d.) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.

Increase in consumption of which of the following has greatest effect on an increase in body weight?

a.) Kilocalorie intake

b.) Protein intake

c.) Carbohydrate intake

d.) Fat intake

Kilocalorie intake

Name the parts of the small intestine.

a.) duodenum, jejunum, ileum

b.) cecum,colon,rectum

c.) duodenum, colon,rectum

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Salivary flow is stimulated the most by foods rich in:

a.) calcium.

b.) vitamin D.

c.). protein.

d.) fiber.

fiber

Vitamin ___ functions as a catalyst in the synthesis of blood-clotting factors, primarily by maintaining prothrombin levels, which is the first stage in forming a clot.

a.) K

b.) A

c.) B

d.) E

e.) D

K

Bones contain one-third of the body's magnesium. It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.

a.) Both statements are true.

b.) Both statements are false.

c.) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

d.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

The first statement is false; the second is true.

Which carbohydrate is the least cariogenic?

a.) Lactose

b.) Glucose

c.) Fober

d.) Sucrose

e.) Fructose

Lactose

Between the age of 30 and menopause, women tend to maintain bone mass; however, bone mass decreases after menopause.

a.) men, increases

b.) women, increases

c.) women, decreases

d.) men, decreased

women, decreases

Insulin is a hormone that is released by the pancreas to lower blood glucose levels. The rate at which glucose increases in the bloodstream after a particular food is eaten is known as the glycemic effect.

a.) Both statements are true.

b.) Both statements are false.

c.) The first statement is true; the second statement is false.

d.) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Both statements are true.